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              Publication 505
              Cat. No. 15008E                                                  Contents
                                                                               Introduction      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Department 
of the        Tax                                                              What's New for 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Treasury
Internal                                                                       Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Revenue       Withholding
Service                                                                        Chapter  1.  Tax Withholding 
                                                                                 for 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
              and Estimated                                                      Salaries and Wages            . . . . . . . . . . . 3
                                                                                 Tips        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
                                                                                 Taxable Fringe Benefits           . . . . . . . . . 8
              Tax                                                                Sick Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
                                                                                 Pensions and Annuities            . . . . . . . . . 9
                                                                                 Gambling Winnings             . . . . . . . . . .   10
                                                                                 Unemployment Compensation                 . . . .   10
                                                                                 Federal Payments            . . . . . . . . . . .   11
              For use in 2024                                                    Backup Withholding            . . . . . . . . . .   11
                                                                               Chapter  2.  Estimated Tax for 2024 . . .             19
                                                                                 Who Does Not Have To Pay 
                                                                                           Estimated Tax   . . . . . . . . . . . .   19
                                                                                 Who Must Pay Estimated Tax . . . . .                20
                                                                                 How To Figure Estimated Tax . . . . .               21
                                                                                 When To Pay Estimated Tax             . . . . . .   23
                                                                                 How To Figure Each Payment . . . . .                24
                                                                                 How To Pay Estimated Tax              . . . . . .   26
                                                                               How To Get Tax Help . . . . . . . . . . . .           40
                                                                               Index       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

                                                                               Introduction
                                                                               The federal income tax is a pay-as-you-go tax. 
                                                                               You must pay the tax as you earn or receive in-
                                                                               come  during  the  year.  There  are  two  ways  to 
                                                                               pay as you go.
                                                                               • Withholding. If you are an employee, your 
                                                                                 employer probably withholds income tax 
                                                                                 from your pay. In addition, tax may be with-
                                                                                 held from certain other income, such as 
                                                                                 pensions, bonuses, commissions, and 
                                                                                 gambling winnings. The amount withheld is 
                                                                                 paid to the IRS in your name.
                                                                               • Estimated tax. If you don’t pay your tax 
                                                                                 through withholding, or don’t pay enough 
                                                                                 tax that way, you might have to pay estima-
                                                                                 ted tax. People who are in business for 
                                                                                 themselves will generally have to pay their 
                                                                                 tax this way. You may have to pay estima-
                                                                                 ted tax if you receive income such as divi-
                                                                                 dends, interest, capital gains, rents, and 
                                                                                 royalties. Estimated tax is used to pay not 
                                                                                 only income tax, but other taxes such as 
                                                                                 self-employment tax and alternative mini-
                                                                                 mum tax.
                                                                               This  publication  explains  both  of  these  meth-
                                                                               ods. It also explains how to take credit on your 
                                                                               return for the tax that was withheld and for your 
                                                                               estimated tax payments.
                                                                               If you didn’t pay enough tax during the year, 
                                                                               either through withholding or by making estima-
                                                                               ted tax payments, you may have to pay a pen-
                                                                               alty.  Generally,  the  IRS  can  figure  this  penalty 
              Get forms and other information faster and easier at:            for you.
              • IRS.gov (English)         • IRS.gov/Korean (한국어)               Nonresident  aliens.              Before  completing 
              • IRS.gov/Spanish (Español) • IRS.gov/Russian (Pусский)          Form W-4, Employee's Withholding Certificate, 
              • IRS.gov/Chinese (中文)      • IRS.gov/Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt)    nonresident alien employees should see Notice 

Mar 5, 2024

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1392, Supplemental Form W-4 Instructions for increased for all filers, and the amounts are as Access your online account. Go to IRS.gov/
Nonresident Aliens (Rev. January 2020), which follows. Account to securely access information about
provides nonresident aliens who are not exempt • Single or Married Filing Sepa- your federal tax account.
from withholding instructions for completing rately—$14,600. • View the amount you owe and a break-
Form W-4, and the Instructions for Form 8233, • Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Surviv- down by tax year.
Exemption From Withholding on Compensation ing Spouse—$29,200. • See payment plan details or apply for a
for Independent (and Certain Dependent) Per- • Head of Household—$21,900. new payment plan.
sonal Services of a Nonresident Alien Individ- Retirement savings contribution credit in- • Make a payment, view 5 years of payment
ual. Also, see chapter 8 of Pub. 519, U.S. Tax come limits increased. In order to claim this history and any pending or scheduled pay-
Guide for Aliens, for important information on credit for 2024, your MAGI must not be more ments.
withholding. than $38,250 ($76,500 if married filing jointly; • Access your tax records, including key
Final regulations on income tax with- $57,375 if head of household). data from your most recent tax return, your
economic impact payment amounts, and
holding. Final regulations on income tax with- Adoption credit or exclusion. The maximum transcripts.
holding were published in the Federal Register adoption credit or exclusion for employer-provi- • View digital copies of select notices from
on October 6, 2020 (at 85 FR 63019). The regu- ded adoption benefits has increased to the IRS.
lations implement changes made by the Tax $16,810. In order to claim either the credit or ex- • Approve or reject authorization requests
Cuts and Jobs Act and reflect the redesigned clusion, your MAGI must be less than $292,150. from tax professionals.
withholding certificate (Form W-4). See the reg- • Update your address or manage your com-
ulations for detailed information on income tax munication preferences.
withholding.
Reminders Photographs of missing children. The IRS is
Comments and suggestions. We welcome a proud partner with the National Center for
your comments about this publication and sug- Future developments. The IRS has created a Missing & Exploited Children® (NCMEC). Pho-
gestions for future editions. page on IRS.gov for information about Pub. 505 tographs of missing children selected by the
You can send us comments through at IRS.gov/Pub505. Information about any fu- Center may appear in this publication on pages
IRS.gov/FormComments. Or, you can write to ture developments affecting Pub. 505 (such as that would otherwise be blank. You can help
the Internal Revenue Service, Tax Forms and legislation enacted after we release it) will be bring these children home by looking at the
Publications, 1111 Constitution Ave. NW, posted on that page. photographs and calling 800-THE-LOST
IR-6526, Washington, DC 20224. Social security tax. Generally, each employer (800-843-5678) if you recognize a child.
Although we can’t respond individually to for whom you work during the tax year must
each comment received, we do appreciate your withhold social security tax up to the annual
feedback and will consider your comments and limit. The annual limit is $168,600 in 2024.
suggestions as we revise our tax forms, instruc- Individual taxpayer identification number
tions, and publications. Don’t send tax ques- (ITIN) renewal. If you were assigned an ITIN
tions, tax returns, or payments to the above ad- before January 1, 2013, or if you have an ITIN
dress. that you haven’t included on a tax return in the 1.
last 3 consecutive years, you may need to re-
Getting answers to your tax questions. new it. For more information, see the Instruc-
If you have a tax question not answered by this tions for Form W-7.
publication or the How To Get Tax Help section Tax Withholding
at the end of this publication, go to the IRS In- Advance payments of the premium tax
teractive Tax Assistant page at IRS.gov/ credit. If you buy health insurance through the
Help/ITA where you can find topics by using the Health Insurance Marketplace, you may be eli- for 2024
search feature or viewing the categories listed. gible to have advance payments of the premium
tax credit paid on your behalf to the insurance
Getting tax forms, instructions, and pub- company. Receiving too little or too much in ad-
lications. Go to IRS.gov/Forms to download vance will affect your refund or balance due. Introduction
current and prior-year forms, instructions, and Promptly report changes in your income or fam- This chapter discusses income tax withholding
publications. ily size to your Marketplace. See Form 8962 on:
and its instructions for more information. Salaries and wages,
•
Ordering tax forms, instructions, and Additional Medicare Tax. Generally, a 0.9% • Tips,
publications. Go to IRS.gov/OrderForms to or- Additional Medicare Tax applies to Medicare • Taxable fringe benefits,
der current forms, instructions, and publica- wages, Railroad Retirement Tax Act compensa- • Sick pay,
tions; call 800-829-3676 to order prior-year tion, and self-employment income over • Pensions and annuities,
forms and instructions. The IRS will process $200,000 if you are filing as single, head of • Gambling winnings,
your order for forms and publications as soon household, or qualifying surviving spouse; over • Unemployment compensation, and
as possible. Don’t resubmit requests you’ve al- $250,000 if you are married filing jointly; and • Certain federal payments.
ready sent us. You can get forms and publica- over $125,000 if you are married filing sepa-
tions faster online. rately. You may need to include this amount This chapter explains in detail the rules for with-
when figuring your estimated tax. You may also holding tax from each of these types of income.
request that your employer deduct and withhold The discussion of salaries and wages includes
an additional amount of income tax withholding an explanation of how to complete Form W-4.
What's New for 2024 from your wages on Form W-4. This chapter also covers backup withholding
on interest, dividends, and other payments.
Use your 2023 tax return as a guide in figuring Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). You may
your 2024 estimated tax, but be sure to be subject to NIIT. NIIT is a 3.8% tax on the
consider the following. lesser of net investment income or the excess of Useful Items
Form 1040-SS filers. For 2024 the Estimated your MAGI over $200,000 ($250,000 if married You may want to see:
Tax Worksheet for filers of Form 1040-SS has filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse;
been added to Form 1040-ES. See Form $125,000 if married filing separately). NIIT may Form (and Instructions)
1040-ES and its instructions for more informa- need to be included when figuring estimated
tion. tax. You may also request that your employer W-4 W-4 Employee's Withholding Certificate
deduct and withhold an additional amount of in- W-4P
Standard deduction amount increased. For come tax withholding from your wages on Form W-4P Withholding Certificate for Periodic
2024, the standard deduction amount has been W-4. Pension or Annuity Payments

2 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)

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W-4R W-4R Withholding Certificate for Determining Amount of Tax Changing Your Withholding
Nonperiodic Payments and Eligible
Rollover Distributions Withheld Using Form W-4
During the year, changes may occur to your
W-4S W-4S Request for Federal Income Tax The amount of income tax your employer with- marital status, adjustments, deductions, or
Withholding From Sick Pay holds from your regular pay depends on three credits you expect to claim on your tax return.
things. When this happens, you may need to give your
W-4V W-4V Voluntary Withholding Request • The amount you earn in each payroll pe- employer a new Form W-4 to change your with-
See How To Get Tax Help at the end of this pub- riod. holding.
lication for information about getting these pub- • Your payroll period.
lications and forms. • The information you give your employer on If a change in personal circumstances re-
Form W-4. duces the amount of withholding you are enti-
tled to claim, you are required to give your em-
Form W-4 includes four steps that will give ployer a new Form W-4 within 10 days after the
Salaries and Wages information to your employer to figure your with- change occurs.
holding. Complete Steps 2 through 4 only if they
Income tax is withheld from the pay of most em- apply to you. The following rules apply in determining
ployees. Your pay includes your regular pay, bo- whether you are required to furnish a new Form
nuses, commissions, and vacation allowances. Step 1. Enter your personal information, in- W-4 to your employer.
It also includes reimbursements and other ex- cluding your anticipated filing status. Your antici-
pense allowances paid under a nonaccountable pated filing status will determine the standard Change of status resulting in withholding
plan. See Supplemental Wages, later, for defini- deduction and tax rates used to figure your less than your tax liability. If you have one of
tions of accountable and nonaccountable plans. withholding. the changes in the following bullet list and you
won't have enough tax withheld for the remain-
If your income is low enough that you won’t Step 2. Complete this step if you (1) hold more der of 2024 to cover your income tax liability for
have to pay income tax for the year, you may be than one job at a time, or (2) are married and 2024, you are required to furnish a new Form
exempt from withholding. This is explained un- plan to file a joint return and your spouse also W-4 to your employer within 10 days after the
der Exemption From Withholding, later. works. date of the change.
You can ask your employer to withhold in- If you or your spouse have another job, • Your filing status changes from Married Fil-
come tax from noncash wages and other wages ! complete Steps 3 through 4(b) on only ing Jointly (or Qualifying Surviving Spouse)
not subject to withholding. If your employer CAUTION one Form W-4. Your withholding will be to Head of Household or Single (or Married
does not agree to withhold tax, or if not enough most accurate if you do this on the Form W-4 for Filing Separately) or from Head of House-
is withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax, the highest paying job. hold to Single (or Married Filing Sepa-
as discussed in chapter 2. rately).
Military retirees. Military retirement pay is Step 3. Complete this step if you have depend- • You or your spouse start another job, and
treated in the same manner as regular pay for ents and think you may be eligible to claim the you chose to use the Multiple Jobs Work-
income tax withholding purposes, even though child tax credit or credit for other dependents on sheet or the Tax Withholding Estimator to
it is treated as a pension or annuity for other tax your tax return. Also, complete this step if you account for your other job in determining
purposes. want to include an estimate of your other tax your withholding.
credits (for example, an education credit or the • You or your spouse start another job, and
Household workers. If you are a household foreign tax credit). as a result file a new 2024 Form W-4, and
you or your spouse select the checkbox in
worker, you can ask your employer to withhold Step 2(c) (in this case, you must furnish a
income tax from your pay. A household worker Step 4. Complete this optional step to make
is an employee who performs household work other adjustments. new Form W-4 for your first job and select
in a private home, local college club, or local fra- • Other income (not from jobs). the checkbox in Step 2(c)).
ternity or sorority chapter. • Deductions (other than the standard de- • You or your spouse expect a raise of more
Tax is withheld only if you want it withheld duction). than $10,000 in regular wages (not a bo-
and your employer agrees to withhold it. If you • Any additional amounts you want to with- nus) at a second or third job, and the Form
don’t have enough income tax withheld, you hold from each check. W-4, Step 2(c), checkbox is not selected
on your Forms W-4.
may have to pay estimated tax, as discussed in • You no longer expect to be able to claim a
chapter 2. New Job Child Tax Credit you took into account on a
previously furnished Form W-4.
Farmworkers. Generally, income tax is with- When you start a new job, you must fill out a • Your other credits you took into account on
held from your cash wages for work on a farm Form W-4 and give it to your employer. Your a previously furnished Form W-4 decrease
unless your employer both: employer should have copies of the form. If you by more than $500.
• Pays you cash wages of less than $150 need to change the information later, you must • Your deductions decrease by more than
during the year, and fill out a new form. $2,300 from the amount you took into ac-
• Has expenditures for agricultural labor to- count on a previously furnished Form W-4.
taling less than $2,500 during the year. If you work only part of the year (for exam- • You no longer reasonably expect to claim
ple, you start working after the beginning of the exemption from withholding.
Differential wage payments. When employ- year), too much tax may be withheld. You may
ees are on leave from employment for military be able to avoid overwithholding if your em- Change of status resulting in withholding
duty, some employers make up the difference ployer agrees to use the part-year method. See that will cover your tax liability. If you have a
between the military pay and civilian pay. Pay- Part-Year Method, later, for more information. change of status listed in the previous section,
ments to an employee who is on active duty for you don't have to furnish a new Form W-4 for
a period of more than 30 days will be subject to Employee also receiving pension income. If 2024 if after the change you will have enough
income tax withholding, but not subject to social you receive pension or annuity income and be- tax withheld for the remainder of 2024 to cover
security or Medicare taxes. The wages and gin a new job, you will need to file Form W-4 your income tax liability. However, if you will
withholding will be reported on Form W-2, with your new employer. You should also con- have enough tax withheld for 2024 to cover your
Wage and Tax Statement. sider furnishing a new Form W-4P. income tax liability after a change or changes in
status, but your filing status changes from Mar-
ried Filing Jointly (or Qualifying Surviving
Spouse) to Head of Household or to Single (or
Married Filing Separately) or from Head of
Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 3

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Household to Single (or Married Filing Sepa- penalty. If too much tax is withheld, you will lose How Do You Increase Your
rately) during 2024, you are required to furnish the use of that money until you get your refund. Withholding?
your employer a new Form W-4 for 2025 by De- Always check your withholding if there are per-
cember 2, 2024, or, if later, 10 days after the sonal or financial changes in your life or You can increase your withholding by entering
date of the change in filing status, to take effect changes in the law that might change your tax li- an additional amount that you want withheld
in 2025. ability. See Table 1-1 for examples. from each paycheck on Form W-4.
Otherwise, if you want to change your with- Note. You can’t give your employer a pay- Requesting an additional amount be with-
holding for any other reason, you can generally ment to cover federal income tax withholding on held. You can request that an additional
do that whenever you wish. See Table 1-1 for salaries and wages for past pay periods or a amount be withheld from each paycheck by en-
examples of personal and financial changes payment for estimated tax. tering the additional amount in Step 4(c) of
you should consider. Form W-4. To see if you should request an addi-
When Should You Check Your tional amount be withheld, complete Work-
Table 1-1. Personal and Financial Withholding? sheets 1-3 and 1-5. Complete a new Form W-4
Changes if the amount on Worksheet 1-5, line 5:
The earlier in the year you check your withhold-
Factor Examples ing, the easier it is to get the right amount of tax 1. Is more than you want to pay with your tax
withheld. return or in estimated tax payments
Lifestyle Marriage throughout the year, or
change Divorce You should check your withholding when 2. Would cause you to pay a penalty when
Birth or adoption of child any of the following situations occur. you file your tax return for 2024.
Purchase of a new home
Retirement 1. You receive a paycheck stub (statement) What if I have more than one job or my
Filing chapter 11 bankruptcy covering a full pay period in 2024 showing spouse also has a job? You are more likely to
tax withheld based on 2024 tax rates.
Wage income You or your spouse start or need to increase your withholding if you have
stop working, or start or stop a 2. You prepare your 2023 tax return and get more than one job or if you are married filing
second job a: jointly and your spouse also works. If this is the
Change in the Interest income a. Big refund, or case, you can increase your withholding for one
or more of the jobs.
amount of Dividends b. Balance due that is: You can apply the amount on Worksheet
taxable Capital gains
income not Self-employment income i. More than you can comfortably 1-5, line 5, to only one job or divide it between
subject to IRA (including certain Roth pay, or the jobs any way you wish. For each job, deter-
withholding IRA) distributions mine the extra amount that you want to apply to
ii. Subject to a penalty. that job and divide that amount by the number
Change in the IRA deduction 3. There are changes in your life or financial of paydays remaining in 2024 for that job. This
amount of Student loan interest situation that affect your tax liability. See will give you the additional amount to enter on
adjustments to deduction the Form W-4 you will file for that job. You need
income Alimony expense Table 1-1.
to give your employer a new Form W-4 for each
4. There are changes in the tax law that af- job for which you are changing your withhold-
Change in the Medical expenses fect your tax liability. ing.
amount of Taxes
itemized Interest expense
deductions or Gifts to charity How Do You Check Your Example. You work in a store and earn
tax credits Dependent care expenses Withholding? $46,000 a year. Your spouse works in a factory,
Education credit earns $68,000 a year, and has 49 pay periods
Child tax credit You can use the worksheets and tables in this left. In 2024, you will also have $184 in taxable
Earned income credit publication to see if you are having the right interest and $1,000 of other taxable income.
amount of tax withheld. You can also use the You expect to file a joint income tax return. You
If you change the amount of your withhold- Tax Withholding Estimator at IRS.gov/W4App. If and your spouse complete Worksheets 1-3,
ing, you can request that your employer with- you use the worksheets and tables in this publi- 1-4, and 1-5. Line 5 of Worksheet 1-5 shows
hold using the Cumulative Wage Method, later. cation, follow these steps. that you will owe an additional $4,459 after sub-
tracting your withholding for the year. You can
1. Fill out Worksheet 1-3 to project your total divide the $4,459 any way you want. You can
Checking Your Withholding federal income tax liability for 2024. enter an additional amount on either of your
2. Fill out Worksheet 1-5 to project your total Forms W-4, or divide it between the two of you.
After you have given your employer a Form federal withholding for 2024 and compare You decide to have the additional amount with-
W-4, you can check to see whether the amount that with your projected tax liability from held from your spouse’s wages, so your spouse
of tax withheld from your pay is too much or too Worksheet 1-3. enters $91 ($4,459 ÷ 49 remaining paydays) on
little. If too much or too little tax is being with- their Form W-4 in Step 4(c).
held, you should give your employer a new If you are not having the correct amount of
Form W-4 to change your withholding. You can tax withheld, line 6 of Worksheet 1-5 will show How Do You Decrease Your
get a blank Form W-4 from your employer or you how to adjust the amount withheld each Withholding?
print the form from IRS.gov. payday. For ways to increase the amount of tax
You can use the Tax Withholding Esti- withheld, see How Do You Increase Your With- If your completed Worksheets 1-3 and 1-5 show
TIP mator at IRS.gov/W4App instead of the holding, later. that you may have more tax withheld than your
worksheets in this publication or inclu- projected tax liability for 2024, you may be able
ded with Form W-4 to determine whether you If line 5 of Worksheet 1-5 shows that you are to decrease your withholding by following the in-
need to have your withholding increased or de- having more tax withheld than necessary, see structions in Worksheet 1-5.
creased. How Do You Decrease Your Withholding, later,
for ways to decrease the amount of tax you
have withheld each payday. Tax Credits
You should try to have your withholding
match your actual tax liability. If not enough tax Detailed instructions for completing a new Table 1-2 shows many of the tax credits you
is withheld, you will owe tax at the end of the Form W-4 to adjust your withholding follow may be able to use to decrease your withhold-
year and may have to pay interest and a Worksheet 1-5. ing. For a complete list of credits you may be
4 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)

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Table 1-2. Tax Credits for 2024
For more information about the... See...
Adoption credit Instructions for Form 8839
Credit for child and dependent care expenses Pub. 503, Child and Dependent Care Expenses
Child tax credit (including the additional child tax credit) 2023 Instructions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040)
Credit for other dependents 2023 Instructions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040)
Earned income credit Pub. 596, Earned Income Credit (EIC)
Education credits Pub. 970, Tax Benefits for Education
Credit for the elderly or the disabled Pub. 524, Credit for the Elderly or the Disabled
Foreign tax credit (except any credit that applies to wages not subject to Pub. 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals
U.S. income tax withholding because they are subject to income tax
withholding by a foreign country)
General business credit Form 3800, General Business Credit
Mortgage interest credit Pub. 530, Tax Information for Homeowners
Qualified electric vehicle credit Form 8834
Credit for prior year minimum tax (if you paid alternative minimum tax in an Instructions for Form 8801
earlier year)
Retirement savings contributions credit (saver's credit) Pub. 590-A, Contributions to Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)
Credit to holders of tax credit bonds Instructions for Form 8912
Premium tax credit Pub. 974, Premium Tax Credit (PTC)
able to claim, see the 2023 Instructions for Form W-4P includes four steps that will give Note. If you don't give Form W-4P to your
Form 1040. information to the payer of your pension or an- payer, you don't provide an SSN, or the IRS no-
nuity for how to figure your withholding. Com- tifies the payer that you gave an incorrect SSN,
Step 3 of Form W-4 provides instructions for plete Steps 2 through 4 only if they apply to you. then the payer will withhold tax from your pay-
determining the amount of the child tax credit ments as if your filing status is single with no ad-
and the credit for other dependents. You can Step 1. Enter your personal information, in- justments in Steps 2 through 4. For payments
also include other tax credits in Step 3 of Form cluding your anticipated filing status. Your antici- that began before 2024, your current withhold-
W-4. To do so, complete Worksheet 1-6 and pated filing status will determine the standard ing election (or your default rate) remains in ef-
add the amount from line 11 of that worksheet deduction and tax rates used to figure your fect unless you submit a new Form W-4P.
to the amount you are entering for other de- withholding.
pendents in Step 3 of Form W-4. Including And remember, this isn’t a final decision. If
these credits will increase your paycheck and Step 2. Complete this step if you (1) have in- you don’t get the correct amount of withholding
reduce the amount of any refund you may re- come from a job or more than one pension/ with the first Forms W-4 and W-4P you submit,
ceive when you file your tax return. annuity, and/or (2) are married filing jointly and you should refigure your withholding using the
your spouse receives income from a job or a information and worksheets in this publication,
pension/annuity.
When Will Your New Form W-4 Go or the resources mentioned above.
Into Effect? If you (or if married filing jointly, you
and/or your spouse) have a job(s),
If the change is for the current year, your em- CAUTION! don't complete Steps 3 through 4b on You should go through this same process
each time your life situation changes, whether it
ployer must put your new Form W-4 into effect Form W-4P. Instead, complete Steps 3 through be for personal or financial reasons. You may
no later than the start of the first payroll period 4b on the Form W-4 for the job. If you (or if mar- need more tax withheld, or you may need less.
ending on or after the 30th day after the day on ried filing jointly, you and your spouse) don't
which you give your employer your revised have a job, complete Steps 3 through 4b on
Form W-4. Form W-4P for only the pension or annuity that Getting the Right Amount
pays the most annually. Leave those steps of Tax Withheld
blank for the other pensions or annuities.
If the change is for next year, your new Form In most situations, the tax withheld from your
W-4 won’t take effect until next year. pay will be close to the tax you figure on your re-
Step 3. Complete this step if you have depend-
ents and think you may be eligible to claim the turn if you follow these two rules.
Form W-4P child tax credit or credit for other dependents on • You accurately complete all the Form W-4
your tax return. Also, complete this step if you worksheets that apply to you.
When you first began receiving your pension, want to include an estimate of your other tax • You give your employer a new Form W-4
you told the payer how much tax to withhold, if credits (for example, an education credit or the when changes occur.
any, by completing Form W-4P, Withholding foreign tax credit).
Certificate for Pension or Annuity Payments (or But because the worksheets and withhold-
similar form). However, if your retirement pay is Step 4. Complete this optional step to make ing methods don’t account for all possible situa-
from the military or certain deferred compensa- other adjustments. tions, you may not be getting the right amount
tion plans, you completed Form W-4 instead of • Other estimated income (Step 4a). withheld. This is most likely to happen in the fol-
Form W-4P. You completed either form based • Deductions (other than the standard de- lowing situations.
on your projected income at that time. If you are duction)(Step 4b) you expect to claim. Use • You are married and both you and your
returning to the workforce, your new Form W-4 the Step 4(b)—Deductions Worksheet in spouse work.
(given to your employer) and your Form W-4 or the instructions for Form W-4P to help you • You have more than one job at a time.
W-4P (on file with your pension plan) must work determine the amount to enter on line 4b. • You have nonwage income, such as inter-
together to determine the correct amount of • Any additional amounts you want to with- est, dividends, alimony, or unemployment
withholding for your new amount of income. hold from each payment (Step 4c). compensation.

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• You will owe additional amounts with your To be eligible, your payroll periods (weekly, The IRS will provide a period of time during
return. biweekly, etc.) must have been the same since which you can dispute the determination before
• Your withholding is based on obsolete the beginning of the year. your employer adjusts your withholding. If you
Form W-4 information for a substantial part believe that you are entitled to claim complete
of the year. Aids for Figuring Your Withholding exemption from withholding or that the IRS de-
• You work only part of the year. termination was otherwise incorrect, you must
• You change the amount of your withholding Tax Withholding Estimator. If you are con- submit a new Form W-4 and a written statement
during the year. cerned that you may be having too much or too to support your claims made on Form W-4 that
• You are subject to Additional Medicare Tax little income tax withheld from your pay, the IRS would decrease federal income tax withholding
or NIIT. If you anticipate liability for Addi- provides a withholding estimator on its website. to the IRS. Contact information (a toll-free num-
tional Medicare Tax or NIIT, you may re- Go to IRS.gov/W4App. It can help you deter- ber and an IRS office address) will be provided
quest that your employer withhold an addi- mine the correct amount to be withheld any time in the lock-in letter. At the end of this period, if
tional amount of income tax withholding on during the year. you haven’t responded or if your response isn’t
Form W-4. adequate, your employer will be required to
withhold based on the original lock-in letter.
If any of these situations apply to you, you Rules Your Employer After the lock-in letter takes effect, your em-
can use the Tax Withholding Estimator at
IRS.gov/W4App to see if you need to change Must Follow ployer must withhold tax on the basis of the
your withholding. withholding rate (marital status) and maximum
It may be helpful for you to know some of the withholding specified in that letter.
If you have self-employment income or owe withholding rules your employer must follow. If you later believe that you are entitled to
self-employment tax, you should use the work- These rules can affect how to fill out your Form claim exemption from withholding or otherwise
sheets in this publication to determine if you W-4 and how to handle problems that may adjust your withholding, you can complete a
should pay estimated tax. arise. new Form W-4 and a written statement to sup-
port the claims made on the Form W-4 and
Part-Year Method New Form W-4. When you start a new job, send them directly to the IRS address shown on
your employer should give you a Form W-4 to fill the lock-in letter. Your employer must continue
If you work only part of the year and your em- out. Beginning with your first payday, your em- to figure your withholding on the basis previ-
ployer agrees to use the part-year withholding ployer will use the information you give on the ously determined by the IRS until the IRS advi-
method, less tax will be withheld from each form to figure your withholding. ses your employer otherwise.
wage payment than would be withheld if you If you later fill out a new Form W-4, your em- At any time, either before or after the lock-in
worked all year. To be eligible for the part-year ployer can put it into effect as soon as possible. letter becomes effective, you may give your em-
method, you must meet both of the following re- The deadline for putting it into effect is the start ployer a new Form W-4 that does not claim
quirements. of the first payroll period ending 30 or more complete exemption from withholding and re-
• You must use the calendar year (the 12 days after you turn it in. sults in more income tax withheld than specified
months from January 1 through December in the lock-in letter. Your employer must then
31) as your tax year. You can’t use a fiscal No Form W-4. If you don't give your employer withhold tax based on this new Form W-4.
year. a Form W-4, your employer should treat you as Additional information is available at
• You must not expect to be employed for though you checked the box for Single or Mar- IRS.gov. Enter ``withholding compliance
more than 245 days during the year. To fig- ried filing separately in Step 1(c) and made no questions'' in the search box.
ure this limit, count all calendar days that entries in Step 2, Step 3, or Step 4 of the 2024
you are employed (including weekends, Form W-4.
vacations, and sick days) beginning with Exemption From Withholding
the first day you are on the job for pay and Repaying withheld tax. If you find you are
ending with your last day of work. If you are having too much tax withheld because you If you claim exemption from withholding, your
temporarily laid off for 30 days or less, didn’t account for all your dependents or deduc- employer won’t withhold federal income tax
count those days too. If you are laid off for tions you are entitled to, you should give your from your wages. The exemption applies only to
more than 30 days, don’t count those days. employer a new Form W-4. Your employer can’t income tax, not to social security or Medicare
You won’t meet this requirement if you be- repay any of the tax previously withheld. In- tax.
gin working before May 1 and expect to stead, claim the full amount withheld when you
work for the rest of the year. file your tax return. You can claim exemption from withholding
However, if your employer has withheld for 2024 only if both of the following situations
How to apply for the part-year method. You more than the correct amount of tax for the apply.
must ask your employer in writing to use this Form W-4 you have in effect, you don’t have to • For 2023, you had a right to a refund of all
method. The request must state all three of the fill out a new Form W-4 to have your withholding federal income tax withheld because you
following. lowered to the correct amount. Your employer had no tax liability.
• The date of your last day of work for any can repay the amount that was withheld incor- • For 2024, you expect a refund of all federal
prior employer during the current calendar rectly. If you are not repaid, your Form W-2 will income tax withheld because you expect to
year. reflect the full amount actually withheld, which have no tax liability.
• That you don’t expect to be employed you would claim when you file your tax return.
more than 245 days during the current cal- Use Figure 1-A to help you decide whether
endar year. IRS review of your withholding. Your with- you can claim exemption from withholding.
• That you use the calendar year as your tax holding or any claim for a complete exemption Don’t use Figure 1-A if you:
year. from withholding is subject to review by the IRS. • Are 65 or older,
Your employer may be required to send a copy • Are blind,
Cumulative Wage Method of the Form W-4 to the IRS. There is a penalty • Will itemize deductions on your 2024 re-
for supplying false information on Form W-4. turn, or
If you change your withholding during the year, See Penalties, later. • Will claim any tax credits on your 2024 re-
too much or too little tax may have been with- If the IRS determines that you have oversta- turn.
held for the period before you made the change. ted your withholding or can’t claim a complete These situations are discussed later.
You may be able to compensate for this if your exemption from withholding, the IRS will issue a
employer agrees to use the cumulative wage notice that specifies the withholding arrange- Students. If you are a student, you are not au-
withholding method for the rest of the year. You ment permitted for the employee (commonly re- tomatically exempt. If you work only part time or
must ask your employer in writing to use this ferred to as a “lock-in letter”) to both you and during the summer, you may qualify for exemp-
method. your employer. tion from withholding.
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Figure 1-A. Exemption From Withholding on Form W-4
Note. Don’t use this chart if you are 65 or older or blind, or if you will itemize your deductions or claim tax credits. Instead, see
the discussions in this chapter under Exemption From Withholding . If none of these situations apply to you, but you have
adjustments to income, use the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet.

Start Here
For 2023, did you have a
right to a refund of ALL No You CAN’T claim
federal income tax withheld exemption from
because you had NO tax withholding.
liability?
Yes Yes

Will your 2024 total income be more than the amount shown below for
your ling status?
For 2024, will Single $14,600
someone (such as No Head of household 21,900
your parent) be able Married ling separately for
to claim you as a BOTH 2023 and 2024 14,600
dependent? Other married status (include BOTH
spouses’ income whether ling
separately or jointly) 29,200
Yes
Qualifying surviving spouse 29,200

Will your 2024 income No No
be more than $1,300?

Yes

Will your 2024 income
include more than $450 Yes You CAN’T claim You CAN claim
of unearned income exemption from exemption from
(interest, dividends, etc.)? withholding. withholding.

No No

Will your 2024 total income be
$14,600 or less? Yes

Example 1. You are a high school student more than $450 and your total income will be Itemizing deductions or claiming credits. If
and expect to earn $2,500 from a summer job. more than $1,300. you had no tax liability for 2023, and you will:
You don’t expect to have any other income dur- • Itemize deductions, or
ing the year, and your parents will be able to You may have to file a tax return, even if Claim a tax credit,
•
You worked last summer and had $375 federal CAUTION Pub. 501 to see whether you must file a
claim you as a dependent on their tax return. ! you are exempt from withholding. See use Worksheet 2-1 (also, see chapter 2) to fig-
income tax withheld from your pay. The entire return. ure your 2024 expected tax liability. You can
claim exemption from withholding only if your to-
$375 was refunded when you filed your 2023 re- Age 65 or older or blind. If you are 65 tal expected tax liability (line 11c of the work-
turn. Using Figure 1-A, you find that you can or older or blind, use Worksheet 1-1 or sheet) is zero.
claim exemption from withholding. Worksheet 1-2 to help you decide
Example 2. The facts are the same as in whether you can claim exemption from with- Claiming exemption from withholding. To
Example 1, except that you also have a savings holding. Don’t use either worksheet if you will claim exemption, you must give your employer a
account and expect to have $475 interest in- itemize deductions or claim tax credits on your Form W-4. Write “Exempt” on the form in the
come during the year. Using Figure 1-A, you 2024 return. Instead, see Itemizing deductions space below Step 4(c) and complete Steps
find that you can’t claim exemption from with- or claiming credits next. 1(a), 1(b), and 5. Don’t complete any other
steps.
holding because your unearned income will be

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If you claim exemption, but later your situa- be treated as taking place within a reasonable ted as part of your income for the month you re-
tion changes so that you will have to pay in- period of time. port them. Your employer can figure your with-
come tax after all, you must file a new Form W-4 • You receive an advance within 30 days of holding in either of two ways.
within 10 days after the change. If you claim ex- the time you have an expense. • By withholding at the regular rate on the
emption in 2024 but you expect to owe income • You adequately account for your expenses sum of your pay plus your reported tips.
tax for 2025, you must file a new Form W-4 by within 60 days after they were paid or in- • By withholding at the regular rate on your
December 2, 2024. curred. pay plus a percentage of your reported
Your claim of exempt status may be re- • You return any excess reimbursement tips.
viewed by the IRS. See IRS review of your with- within 120 days after the expense was paid
holding, earlier. or incurred. Not enough pay to cover taxes. If your regu-
• You are given a periodic statement (at least lar pay isn’t enough for your employer to with-
An exemption is good for only 1 year. quarterly) that asks you to either return or hold all the tax (including income tax and social
You must give your employer a new Form W-4 adequately account for outstanding advan- security and Medicare taxes (or the equivalent
by February 15 each year to continue your ex- ces and you comply within 120 days of the railroad retirement tax)) due on your pay plus
emption. statement. your tips, you can give your employer money to
cover the shortage.
Supplemental Wages Nonaccountable plan. Any plan that does not If you don’t give your employer money to
meet the definition of an accountable plan is cover the shortage, your employer first with-
Supplemental wages include bonuses, commis- considered a nonaccountable plan. holds as much Medicare tax and social security
sions, overtime pay, vacation allowances, cer- For more information about accountable and or railroad retirement tax as possible, up to the
tain sick pay, and expense allowances under nonaccountable plans, see chapter 6 of Pub. proper amount, and then withholds income tax
certain plans. The payer can figure withholding 463, Travel, Entertainment, Gift, and Car Expen- up to the full amount of your pay. If not enough
on supplemental wages using the same method ses. tax is withheld, you may have to pay estimated
used for your regular wages. However, if these tax. When you file your return, you may also
payments are identified separately from regular have to pay any Medicare and social security
wages, your employer or other payer of supple- Penalties tax or railroad retirement tax your employer
mental wages can withhold income tax from could not withhold.
these wages at a 22% flat rate under certain cir- You may have to pay a penalty of $500 if both of
cumstances as explained in the section on sup- the following apply. Tips not reported to your employer. On your
plemental wages in Pub. 15. • You make statements on your Form W-4 tax return, you must report all the tips you re-
that reduce the amount of tax withheld. ceive during the year, even tips you don’t report
Expense allowances. Reimbursements or • You have no reasonable basis for those to your employer (this includes the value of any
other expense allowances paid by your em- statements at the time you prepare your noncash tips you received, such as tickets,
ployer under a nonaccountable plan are treated Form W-4. passes, or other items of value). Make sure you
are having enough tax withheld, or are paying
as supplemental wages. A nonaccountable plan There is also a criminal penalty for willfully enough estimated tax (see chapter 2), to cover
is a reimbursement arrangement that does not supplying false or fraudulent information on your all your tip income.
require you to account for, or prove, your busi- Form W-4 or for willfully failing to supply infor-
ness expenses to your employer or does not re- mation that would increase the amount with- Allocated tips. If you work in a large food or
quire you to return your employer's payments held. The penalty upon conviction can be either beverage establishment, your employer may
that are more than your proven expenses. a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment for up to have to report an allocated amount of tips on
Reimbursements or other expense allowan- 1 year, or both. your Form W-2.
ces paid under an accountable plan that are
more than your proven expenses are treated as These penalties will apply if you deliberately Your employer should not withhold income
paid under a nonaccountable plan if you don’t and knowingly falsify your Form W-4 in an at- tax, Medicare tax, and social security or railroad
return the excess payments within a reasonable tempt to reduce or eliminate the proper with- retirement tax on the allocated amount. With-
period of time. holding of taxes. A simple error or an honest holding is based only on your pay plus your re-
mistake won’t result in one of these penalties. ported tips. Your employer should refund to you
Accountable plan. To be an accountable plan, any incorrectly withheld tax.
your employer's reimbursement or allowance
arrangement must include all three of the follow- Tips More information. For more information on
ing rules. the reporting and withholding rules for tip in-
• Your expenses must have a business con- The tips you receive while working on your job come and on tip allocation, see Pub. 531, Re-
nection. That is, you must have paid or in- are considered part of your pay. You must in- porting Tip Income.
curred deductible expenses while perform- clude your tips on your tax return on the same
ing services as an employee of your line as your regular pay. However, tax isn’t with-
employer. held directly from tip income, as it is from your Taxable Fringe Benefits
• You must adequately account to your em- regular pay. Nevertheless, your employer will
ployer for these expenses within a reason- take into account the tips you report when figur- The value of certain noncash fringe benefits you
able period of time. ing how much to withhold from your regular pay. receive from your employer is considered part
• You must return any excess reimbursement of your pay. Your employer must generally with-
or allowance within a reasonable period of Reporting tips to your employer. If you re- hold income tax on these benefits from your
time. ceive tips of $20 or more in a month while work- regular pay.
An excess reimbursement or allowance is ing for any one employer, you must report to
any amount you are paid that is more than the your employer the total amount of tips you re- Although the value of your personal use of
business-related expenses that you adequately ceive on the job during the month. The report is an employer-provided car, truck, or other high-
accounted for to your employer. due by the 10th day of the following month. way motor vehicle is taxable, your employer can
The definition of reasonable period of time If you have more than one job, make a sepa- choose not to withhold income tax on that
depends on the facts and circumstances of your rate report to each employer. Report only the amount. Your employer must notify you if this
situation. However, regardless of those facts tips you received while working for that em- choice is made.
and circumstances, actions that take place ployer, and only if they total $20 or more for the
within the times specified in the following list will month. When benefits are considered paid. Your
employer can choose to treat a fringe benefit as
How employer figures amount to withhold. paid by the pay period, by the quarter, or on
The tips you report to your employer are coun- some other basis as long as the benefit is

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considered paid at least once a year. Your em- However, if you receive sick pay from a third For information about figuring the part of
ployer can treat the benefit as being paid on party who isn’t acting as an agent of your em- your pension or annuity that isn’t taxable, see
one or more dates during the year, even if you ployer, income tax will be withheld only if you Pub. 575, Pension and Annuity Income.
get the entire benefit at one time. choose to have it withheld. See Form W-4S,
later.
Special rule. Your employer can choose to Periodic Payments
treat a benefit provided during November or De- If you receive payments under a plan in
cember as paid in the next year. Your employer which your employer does not participate (such Withholding from periodic payments of a pen-
must notify you if this rule is used. as an accident or health plan where you paid all sion or annuity is figured similarly to withholding
the premiums), the payments are not sick pay from certain salaries and wages. To tell the
Example. Your employer considers the and are usually not taxable. payer of your pension or annuity how much you
value of benefits paid from November 1, 2022, want withheld, fill out Form W-4P or a similar
through October 31, 2023, as paid to you in Union agreements. If you receive sick pay un- form provided by the payer. Follow instructions
2023. To determine the total value of benefits der a collective bargaining agreement between for Form W-4P and the rules discussed under
paid to you in 2024, your employer will add the your union and your employer, the agreement Form W-4P, earlier, to fill out your 2024 Form
value of any benefits paid in November and De- may determine the amount of income tax with- W-4P.
cember of 2023 to the value of any benefits paid holding. See your union representative or your
in January through October of 2024. employer for more information. Note. Use Form W-4, not Form W-4P, if you
receive any of the following.
Exceptions. Your employer can’t choose • Military retirement pay.
when to withhold tax on the transfer of either Form W-4S. If you choose to have income tax
real property or personal property of a kind nor- withheld from sick pay paid by a third party, • Payments from certain nonqualified defer-
mally held for investment (such as stock). Your such as an insurance company, you must fill out red compensation plans. These are em-
employer must withhold tax on these benefits at Form W-4S. Its instructions contain a worksheet ployer plans that pay part of your compen-
the time of the transfer. you can use to figure the amount you want with- sation at a later time, but are not
held. They also explain restrictions that may ap- tax-qualified deferred compensation plans.
How withholding is figured. Your employer ply. See Nonqualified Deferred Compensation
and Section 457 Plans in Pub. 957, Re-
can either add the value of a fringe benefit to Give the completed form to the payer of your porting Back Pay and Special Wage Pay-
your regular pay and figure income tax withhold- sick pay. The payer must withhold according to ments to the Social Security Administra-
ing on the total or withhold a flat 22% of the your directions on the form. tion.
benefit's value. Form W-4S remains in effect until you
If the benefit's actual value can’t be deter- change or cancel it, or stop receiving payments. Withholding rules. The withholding rules for
mined when it is paid or treated as paid, your You can change your withholding by giving a pensions and annuities differ from those for sal-
employer can use a reasonable estimate. Your new Form W-4S or a written notice to the payer aries and wages in the following ways.
employer must determine the actual value of the of your sick pay. • If a 2024 Form W-4P is used for withhold-
benefit by January 31 of the next year. If the ac- ing for payments beginning in 2024, and
tual value is more than the estimate, your em- Estimated tax. If you don’t request withholding you don't fill out a withholding certificate,
ployer must pay the IRS any additional with- on Form W-4S, or if you don’t have enough tax tax will be withheld as if your filing status is
holding tax required. Your employer has until withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax. If single with no adjustments made in Steps
April 1 of that next year to recover from you the you don’t pay enough tax, either through esti- 2 through 4.
additional income tax paid to the IRS for you. mated tax or withholding, or a combination of • You can choose not to have tax withheld,
both, you may have to pay a penalty. See chap- regardless of how much tax you owed last
How your employer reports your benefits. ter 2. year or expect to owe this year. You don’t
Your employer must report on Form W-2 the to- have to qualify for exemption. See Choos-
tal of the taxable fringe benefits paid or treated ing Not To Have Income Tax Withheld,
as paid to you during the year and the tax with- Pensions and Annuities later.
held for the benefits. These amounts can be • If a 2024 Form W-4P is used for withhold-
shown either on the Form W-2 for your regular Income tax will usually be withheld from your ing for payments beginning in 2024, and
pay or on a separate Form W-2. If your em- pension or annuity distributions unless you you don't give the payer your SSN in the
ployer provided you with a car, truck, or other choose not to have it withheld. This rule applies required manner or the IRS notifies the
motor vehicle and chose to treat all of your use to distributions from: payer before any payment or distribution is
of it as personal, its value must be either sepa- • An IRA; made that you gave an incorrect SSN, tax
rately shown on Form W-2 or reported to you on • A life insurance company under an endow- will be withheld as if your filing status is sin-
a separate statement. ment, annuity, or life insurance contract; gle with no adjustments in Steps 2 through
• A pension, annuity, or profit-sharing plan; 4.
More information. For information on fringe • A stock bonus plan; and
benefits, see Fringe Benefits under Employee • Any other plan that defers the time you re- Effective date of withholding certificate. If
Compensation in Pub. 525, Taxable and Non- ceive compensation. you give your withholding certificate (Form
taxable Income. W-4P or a similar form) to the payer on or before
The amount withheld depends on whether the date your payments start, it will be put into
you receive payments spread out over more effect by the first payment made more than 30
Sick Pay than 1 year (periodic payments), within 1 year days after you submit the certificate.
(nonperiodic payments), or as an eligible roll- If you give the payer your certificate after
Sick pay is a payment to you to replace your over distribution (ERD). Income tax withholding your payments start, it will be put into effect with
regular wages while you are temporarily absent from an ERD is mandatory. ERDs are discussed the first payment, which is at least 30 days after
from work due to sickness or personal injury. To under Eligible Rollover Distributions, later. you submit it. However, the payer can elect to
qualify as sick pay, it must be paid under a plan put it into effect earlier.
to which your employer is a party. Nontaxable part. The part of your pension or
annuity that is a return of your investment in
If you receive sick pay from your employer or your retirement plan (the amount you paid into Nonperiodic Payments
an agent of your employer, income tax must be the plan or its cost to you) isn’t taxable. Income
withheld. An agent who does not pay regular tax won’t be withheld from the part of your pen- Tax will be withheld at a flat 10% rate on any
wages to you may choose to withhold income sion or annuity that isn’t taxable. The tax with- nonperiodic payments you receive, unless you
tax at a flat rate. held will be figured on, and can’t be more than, choose a different withholding rate.
the taxable part.

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Use Form W-4R, line 2, to choose a with- on line 2 to choose not to have withholding. This avoid withholding. See Backup withholding on
holding rate other than the default 10% rate. choice will remain in effect until you decide you gambling winnings, later. If you receive gam-
You can choose a rate between 0% and 100%. want withholding and inform the payer. See Re- bling winnings not subject to withholding, you
You can choose to have no federal income tax voking a choice not to have tax withheld, later. may need to pay estimated tax. See chapter 2.
withheld by entering “-0-” on line 2. Generally,
you can't choose less than 10% for payments to The payer must withhold if either of the fol- If you don’t pay enough tax, either through
be delivered outside of the United States and its lowing applies. withholding or estimated tax, or a combination
territories. If you want to revoke a choice not to • You don’t give the payer your SSN in the of both, you may have to pay a penalty.
have tax withheld, see Choosing Not To Have required manner.
Income Tax Withheld, later. • The IRS notifies the payer, before any pay- Form W-2G. If a payer withholds income tax
ment or distribution is made, that you gave from your gambling winnings, you should re-
You may need to use Form W-4R to it an incorrect SSN. ceive a Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Win-
! ask for additional withholding. If you If you don’t have any income tax withheld nings, showing the amount you won and the
CAUTION don’t have enough tax withheld, you amount withheld.
may need to pay estimated tax, as explained in from your pension or annuity, or if you don’t
chapter 2. have enough withheld, you may have to pay es- Report the tax withheld on your 2024 Form
timated tax. See chapter 2. 1040 or 1040-SR, along with all other federal in-
come tax withheld, as shown on Forms W-2
If you don’t pay enough tax, either through and 1099.
Eligible Rollover estimated tax or withholding, or a combination
Distributions of both, you may have to pay a penalty. Information to give payer. If the payer asks,
you must give the payer all the following infor-
A distribution you receive that is eligible to be Payments delivered outside the United mation.
rolled over tax free into a qualified retirement or States. You must generally have tax withheld • Your name, address, and SSN.
annuity plan is called an eligible rollover distri- from pension or annuity benefits delivered out- • Whether you made identical wagers (ex-
bution (ERD). This is the taxable part of any dis- side the United States. However, if you are a plained below).
tribution from a qualified pension plan or U.S. citizen or resident alien, you can choose • Whether someone else is entitled to any
tax-sheltered annuity that isn’t any of the eight not to have tax withheld if you give the payer of part of the winnings subject to withholding.
following distributions. the benefits a home address in the United If so, you must complete Form 5754, State-
States or in a U.S. territory. The payer must ment by Person(s) Receiving Gambling
The payer of a distribution described in num- withhold tax if you provide a U.S. address for a Winnings, and return it to the payer. The
bers 1, 2, and 3 in the following list must with- nominee, trustee, or agent to whom the benefits payer will use it to prepare a Form W-2G
hold at a flat 20% rate on any part of an ERD are to be delivered, but don’t provide your own for each of the winners.
that is distributed rather than rolled over directly home address in the United States or in a U.S.
to another qualified plan. Withholding on these territory. Identical wagers. You may have to give the
distributions is mandatory. You may choose a payer a statement of the amount of your win-
rate higher than 20% by entering it on line 2 of Notice required of payer. The payer of your nings, if any, from identical wagers. If this state-
Form W-4R. Don't give Form W-4R to your pension or annuity must send you a notice tell- ment is required, the payer will ask you for it.
payer unless you want more than 20% withheld. ing you about your right to choose not to have You provide this statement by signing Form
The distributions described in numbers 4 tax withheld. W-2G or, if required, Form 5754.
through 8 in the following list are not ERDs for Generally, the payer won’t send a notice to Identical wagers include two bets placed in
purposes of the mandatory withholding require- you if it is reasonable to believe that the entire a pari-mutuel pool on one horse to win a partic-
ment. amount you will be paid isn’t taxable. ular race. However, the bets are not identical if
one bet is “to win” and one bet is “to place.” In
1. Distributions required by federal law, such Revoking a choice not to have tax withheld. addition, they are not identical if the bets were
as required minimum distributions. The payer of your pension or annuity will tell you placed in different pari-mutuel pools. For exam-
2. One of a series of substantially equal peri- how to revoke your choice not to have income ple, a bet in a pool conducted by the racetrack
odic pension or annuity payments made tax withheld from periodic or nonperiodic pay- and a bet in a separate pool conducted by an
over: ments. You can tell the payer exactly how much offtrack betting establishment in which the bets
to withhold by completing a new Form W-4P for are not pooled with those placed at the track
a. Your life (or your life expectancy) or periodic payments or Form W-4R for nonperi- are not identical wagers.
the joint lives of you and your benefi- odic payments.
ciary (or your life expectancies), or Backup withholding on gambling winnings.
If you have any kind of gambling winnings and
b. A specified period of 10 or more don’t give the payer your SSN, the payer may
years. Gambling Winnings have to withhold income tax at a flat 24% rate.
3. Qualifying "hardship" distributions. This rule also applies to winnings of at least
Income tax is withheld at a flat 24% rate from $1,200 from bingo or slot machines or $1,500
4. Generally distributions from a pen- certain kinds of gambling winnings. from keno, and to certain other gambling win-
sion-linked emergency savings account. nings of at least $600.
Gambling winnings of more than $5,000
5. Eligible distributions to a domestic abuse from the following sources are subject to in-
victim. come tax withholding.
6. Qualified disaster recovery distributions. • Any sweepstakes; wagering pool, including Unemployment
payments made to winners of poker tour-
7. Qualified birth or adoption distributions. naments; or lottery. Compensation
8. Emergency personal expense distribu- • Any other wager if the proceeds are at
tions. least 300 times the amount of the bet. You can choose to have income tax withheld
from unemployment compensation. To make
It does not matter whether your winnings are this choice, fill out Form W-4V (or a similar form
Choosing Not To Have paid in cash, in property, or as an annuity. Win- provided by the payer) and give it to the payer.
nings not paid in cash are taken into account at
Income Tax Withheld their fair market value. All unemployment compensation is taxable.
So, if you don’t have income tax withheld, you
For payments other than eligible rollover distri- Exception. Gambling winnings from bingo, may have to pay estimated tax. See chapter 2.
butions, you can choose not to have income tax keno, and slot machines are generally not sub-
withheld. The payer will tell you how to make ject to income tax withholding. However, you
this choice. If you use Form W-4R, enter “-0-” may need to provide the payer with an SSN to
10 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)

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If you don’t pay enough tax, either through If you don’t choose to have income tax with- TIN is correct and that you are not subject to
withholding or estimated tax, or a combination held, or the ANC doesn’t accept your request, backup withholding.
of both, you may have to pay a penalty. you may have to pay estimated tax. See chap- The payer must withhold at a flat 24% rate in
ter 2. the following situations.
Form 1099-G. If you receive $10 or more in un- If you don’t pay enough tax, either through • You don’t give the payer your TIN in the re-
employment compensation, you will receive a withholding or estimated tax, or a combination quired manner.
Form 1099-G, Certain Government Payments. of both, you may have to pay a penalty. • The IRS notifies the payer that the TIN you
Box 1 will show the amount of unemployment gave is incorrect.
compensation you got for the year. Box 4 will • You are required, but fail, to certify that you
show the amount of federal income tax with- Backup Withholding are not subject to backup withholding.
held, if any. • The IRS notifies the payer to start withhold-
Banks or other businesses that pay you certain ing on interest or dividends because you
kinds of income must file an information return have underreported interest or dividends
Federal Payments (Form 1099) with the IRS. The information re- on your income tax return. The IRS will do
turn shows how much you were paid during the this only after it has mailed you four notices
You can choose to have income tax withheld year. It also includes your name and taxpayer over at least a 210-day period.
from certain federal payments you receive. identification number (TIN). TINs are explained Taxpayer identification number (TIN).
These payments are the following. later in this discussion. Your TIN is one of the following three numbers.
1. Social security benefits. These payments are generally not subject to • An SSN.
2. Tier 1 railroad retirement benefits. withholding. However, “backup” withholding is • An employer identification number (EIN).
required in certain situations. • An IRS individual taxpayer identification
3. Commodity credit corporation loans you number (ITIN). Aliens who don’t have an
choose to include in your gross income. Payments subject to backup withholding. SSN and are not eligible to get one should
4. Payments under the Agricultural Act of Backup withholding can apply to most kinds of get an ITIN. Use Form W-7, Application for
1949 (7 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.), as amen- payments that are reported on Form 1099. IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Num-
ded, or title II of the Disaster Assistance These include: ber, to apply for an ITIN.
Act of 1988 that are treated as insurance • Interest payments (Form 1099-INT); An ITIN is for federal tax use only. It does not
proceeds and that you received because: • Government payments (Form 1099-G); entitle you to social security benefits or change
• Dividends (Form 1099-DIV); your employment or immigration status under
a. Your crops were destroyed or dam- • Patronage dividends, but only if at least U.S. law. For more information on ITINs, see
aged by drought, flood, or any other half the payment is in money (Form Pub. 1915, Understanding Your IRS Individual
natural disaster; or 1099-PATR); Taxpayer Identification Number.
b. You were unable to plant crops be- • Rents, profits, or other gains (Form
cause of a natural disaster described 1099-MISC); If you were assigned an ITIN before
in (a). • Commissions, fees, or other payments for ! January 1, 2013, or if you have an ITIN
work you do as an independent contractor CAUTION that you haven’t included on a tax re-
5. Dividends and other distributions from (Form 1099-NEC); turn in the last 3 consecutive years, you may
Alaska Native Corporations to their share- • Payments by brokers (Form 1099-B); need to renew it. For more information, see the
holders. • Payments by fishing boat operators, but Instructions for Form W-7.
6. Any other payment under federal law as only the part that is in money and that rep-
determined by the Secretary. resents a share of the proceeds of the How to prevent or stop backup withholding.
catch (Form 1099-MISC); and If you have been notified by a payer that the TIN
To make this choice, fill out Form W-4V (or a • Royalty payments (Form 1099-MISC). you gave is incorrect, you can usually prevent
similar form provided by the payer) and give it to Backup withholding may also apply to gambling backup withholding from starting or stop backup
the payer. winnings. See Backup withholding on gambling withholding once it has begun by giving the
If you don’t choose to have income tax with- winnings under Gambling Winnings, earlier. payer your correct name and TIN. You must cer-
tify that the TIN you give is correct.
held, you may have to pay estimated tax. See However, the payer will provide additional in-
chapter 2. Payments not subject to backup withhold-
ing. Backup withholding does not apply to pay- structions if the TIN you gave needs to be vali-
If you don’t pay enough tax, either through ments reported on Form 1099-MISC (other than dated by the Social Security Administration or
withholding or estimated tax, or a combination payments by fishing boat operators and royalty by the IRS. This may happen if both the follow-
of both, you may have to pay a penalty. payments) unless at least one of the following ing conditions exist.
three situations applies. 1. The IRS notifies the payer twice within 3
More information. For more information about • The amount you receive from any one calendar years that a TIN you gave for the
the tax treatment of social security and railroad payer is $600 or more. same account is incorrect.
retirement benefits, see Pub. 915, Social Secur- • The payer had to give you a Form 1099 last
ity and Equivalent Railroad Retirement Benefits. year. 2. The incorrect TIN is still being used on the
Get Pub. 225, Farmer's Tax Guide, for informa- • The payer made payments to you last year account when the payer receives the sec-
tion about the tax treatment of commodity credit that were subject to backup withholding. ond notice.
corporation loans or crop disaster payments. Form 1099 and backup withholding are gen- Underreported interest or dividends. If
erally not required for a payment of less than you have been notified that you underreported
Payment to shareholders of Alaska Native $10. interest or dividends, you must request and re-
Corporations (ANCs). If you are a share- ceive a determination from the IRS to prevent
holder of an ANC, you can request to have in- Withholding rules. When you open a new ac- backup withholding from starting or to stop
come tax withheld from dividends and other dis- count, make an investment, or begin to receive backup withholding once it has begun. Your re-
tributions you receive from the ANC. To make payments reported on Form 1099, the bank or quest must show that at least one of the follow-
this request, fill out Form W-4V (or a similar other business will give you Form W-9, Request ing situations applies.
form provided by the payer) and give it to the for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certifi- • No underreporting occurred.
payer. A request for withholding isn’t effective cation, or a similar form. You must enter your • You have a bona fide dispute with the IRS
until the ANC indicates in writing that it accepts TIN on the form and, if your account or invest- about whether an underreporting occurred.
the request or begins withholding. Contact the ment will earn interest or dividends, you must • Backup withholding will cause or is caus-
payer if it isn’t clear that the payer has accepted also certify (under penalties of perjury) that your ing an undue hardship and it is unlikely that
your Form W-4V.
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you will underreport interest and dividends If the IRS determines that backup withhold- nal penalty, upon conviction, is a fine of up to
in the future. ing should stop, it will provide you with certifica- $1,000 or imprisonment of up to 1 year, or both.
• You have corrected the underreporting by tion and will notify the payers who were sent no-
filing an original return if you didn’t previ- tices earlier.
ously file one, or by filing an amended re-
turn, and by paying all taxes, penalties, and Penalties. There are civil and criminal penal-
interest due for any underreported interest ties for giving false information to avoid backup
or dividend payments. withholding. The civil penalty is $500. The crimi-

Worksheets for Chapter 1
Use the following worksheets to figure your correct withholding and adjustments.
Use... To...
Worksheet 1-1 and Figure your total expected income for 2024 to determine if you are exempt from withholding. Use Worksheet
Worksheet 1-2 1-1 if, in 2023, you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because of no tax liability. Use
Exemption From Withholding for Worksheet 1-2 if you are a dependent for 2024 and, for 2023, you had a refund of all federal income tax
Persons/Dependents Age 65 or withheld because of no tax liability.
Older or Blind
Worksheet 1-3 Project the taxable income you will have for 2024 and figure the amount of tax you will have to pay on that
Projected Tax for 2024 income.
Worksheet 1-4 Figure the amount of tax on your projected taxable income.
Tax Computation Worksheets for
2024
Worksheet 1-5 Project the amount of federal income tax that you will have withheld in 2024, compare your projected
Projected Withholding for 2024 withholding with your projected tax, and determine whether the amount withheld each payday should be
adjusted.
Worksheet 1-6 Figure any extra amount to include in Step 3 of Form W-4 or Form W-4P to account for your projected tax
Tax Credits for 2024 Form W-4 or credits that are not otherwise taken into consideration.
Form W-4P

12 Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 1-1. Exemption From Withholding for Persons Age 65 or Older or Blind
Use this worksheet only if, for 2023, you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you had no tax liability.
 
Caution. This worksheet does not apply if you can be claimed as a dependent. See Worksheet 1-2 instead.
 1. Check the boxes below that apply to you.
     65 or older                                   Blind 
 2. Check the boxes below that apply to your spouse’s standard deduction.*
     65 or older                                   Blind 
 3. Add the number of boxes you checked in 
    1 and 2 above. Enter the result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

 You can claim exemption from withholding if:
                                                                                                                                                                                                        and your 2024 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        total income will 
 Your filing status is:                                                      and the number on line 3 above is:                                                                                         be no more than:
 Single                                                                                  1                                                                                                              $16,550
                                                                                         2                                                                                                              18,500
 Head of                                                                                 1                                                                                                              $23,850
 household                                                                               2                                                                                                              25,800
 Married filing                                                                          1                                                                                                              $16,150
 separately for                                                                          2                                                                                                              17,700
 both 2023 and                                                                           3                                                                                                              19,250
 2024                                                                                    4                                                                                                              20,800
 Other married                                                                           1                                                                                                              $30,750**
 status                                                                                  2                                                                                                              32,300**
                                                                                         3                                                                                                              33,850**
                                                                                         4                                                                                                              35,400**
 ** Include both spouses' income whether you will file separately or jointly.
 Qualifying                                                                              1                                                                                                              $30,750
 surviving spouse                                                                        2                                                                                                              32,300
 You can’t claim exemption from withholding if your total income will be more than the amount shown for your filing status.
 * You can check the appropriate boxes for your spouse if your filing status is married filing jointly. You can check the appropriate boxes for your spouse if your filing 
 status is married filing separately and your spouse had no income, isn't filing a return, and can't be claimed as a dependent on another person's return.

Worksheet 1-2. Exemption From Withholding for Dependents Age 65 or Older or Blind
Use this worksheet only if, for 2024, you are a dependent and if, for 2023, you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you 
had no tax liability.
    1. Enter your expected earned income plus $450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                   1.                           
    2. Minimum amount   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            2.                         $ 1,300
    3. Compare lines 1 and 2. Enter the larger amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  3.                           
    4. Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.                         14,600
    5. Compare lines 3 and 4. Enter the smaller amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                     5.                           
    6. Enter the appropriate amount from the following table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                     6.                           
        Single
          Either 65 or older or blind                                        $1,950
          Both 65 or older and blind                                         3,900
        Married filing separately
          Either 65 or older or blind                                        1,550
          Both 65 or older and blind                                         3,100
    7. Add lines 5 and 6. Enter the result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     7.                           
    8. Enter your total expected income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      8.                           
 You can claim exemption from withholding if line 7 is equal to or more than line 8. You can’t claim exemption from withholding if line 8 is more than 
 line 7.

Publication 505 (2024)                                Chapter 1              Tax Withholding for 2024                                                                                                   13

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Worksheet 1-3. Projected Tax for 2024                                                                             Keep for Your Records
Use this worksheet to figure your projected tax for 2024. Note. Enter combined amounts if married filing jointly.
   1. Enter amount of adjusted gross income (AGI) you expect in 2024. (To determine this, you may want to start with 
      the AGI on your last year's return, and add or subtract your expected changes. Also, take into account items listed 
      under What's New for 2024, earlier.)
      Note. If self-employed, first complete Worksheet 2-3 to figure your expected deduction for self-employment tax. 
      Subtract the amount from Worksheet 2-3, line 11, to figure the line 1 entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             1.
   2. If you:
      • Don’t plan to itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040), use Worksheet 2-4 to figure your expected 
      standard deduction.
      • Plan to itemize deductions, enter the amount of your estimated itemized deductions. 
      • Qualify for the deduction for qualified business income, enter the estimated amount of the deduction you are 
      allowed on your qualified business income from a qualified trade or business. Add this amount to your expected 
      standard deduction or estimated itemized deductions and enter the total here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                      2.
   3. Expected taxable income. Subtract line 2 from line 1. (If zero or less, enter -0- here and on line 4, 
      then go to line 5.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
   4. If the amount on line 1:
      • Doesn’t include a net capital gain or qualified dividends and you didn’t exclude foreign earned income or 
      exclude or deduct foreign housing in arriving at the amount on line 1, use Worksheet 1-4 to figure the tax to enter 
      here.
      • Includes a net capital gain or qualified dividends, use Worksheet 2-5 to figure the tax to enter here.
      • Was figured by excluding foreign earned income or excluding or deducting foreign housing, use 
      Worksheet 2-6 to figure the tax to enter here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   4.
   5. Enter any expected additional taxes from an election to report your child's interest and dividends, lump-sum 
      distributions (Form 4972), and alternative minimum tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      5.
   6. Add lines 4 and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6.
   7. Enter the amount of any expected tax credits. See Table 1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         7.
   8. Subtract line 7 from line 6 (if zero or less, enter -0-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              8.
   9. Self-employment tax. Enter the amount from Worksheet 2-3, line 10. (If you expect to file jointly and both of you are 
      self-employed, figure the self-employment tax for each of you separately and enter the total on line 9.)   . . . . . . . .                                        9.
 10.  Enter the total of any other expected taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*              10.
 11. Projected tax for 2024. Add lines 8 through 10. Enter the total here and on Worksheet 1-5, line 1 . . . . . . . . . . .                                            11.

* Use the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040 to determine if you expect to owe, for 2024, any of the taxes that would have been entered on 
your 2023 Schedule 2 (Form 1040), lines 7 through 17z.

14                                        Chapter 1               Tax Withholding for 2024                                                                              Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 1-4. Tax Computation Worksheets for 2024                                                 Keep for Your Records
Note. If you are figuring the tax on an amount from Worksheet 2-5 (line 1 or 14), or Worksheet 2-6 (line 2 or 3), enter the 
amount from that worksheet in column (a) of the row that applies to that amount of income. Enter the result on the 
appropriate line of the worksheet you are completing.
a. Single. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if you expect your filing status for 2024 to be Single.
Expected Taxable            (a)         (b)                   (c)                      (d)         (e)
    Income               Enter amount   Multiplication amount Multiply                 Subtraction Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 
If Worksheet 1-3,           from                              (a) by (b)               amount      here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4*
     line 3* is —        Worksheet 1-3, 
                            line 3*
Over     But not 
         over
    $0         $11,600                  × 10% (0.10)                                          $0
11,600         47,150                   × 12% (0.12)                                       232.00
47,150         100,525                  × 22% (0.22)                                   4,947.00
100,525        191,950                  × 24% (0.24)                                   6,957.50
191,950        243,725                  × 32% (0.32)                                   22,313.50
243,725        609,350                  × 35% (0.35)                                   29,625.25
609,350  - - - - -                       × 37% (0.37)                                  41,812.25
* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 or 
line 39, as appropriate. 
If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or line 5, 
as appropriate.

b. Head of Household. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if you expect your filing status for 2024 
to be Head of Household.
Expected Taxable            (a)         (b)                   (c)                      (d)         (e)
    Income               Enter amount   Multiplication        Multiply   Subtraction               Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 
If Worksheet 1-3,           from        amount                (a) by (b)               amount      here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4*
     line 3* is —        Worksheet 1-3, 
                            line 3*
Over     But not 
               over
    $0         $16,550                  × 10% (0.10)                                          $0
16,550         63,100                   × 12% (0.12)                                   331.00
63,100         100,500                  × 22% (0.22)                                   6,641.00
100,500        191,950                  × 24% (0.24)                                   8,651.00
191,950        243,700                  × 32% (0.32)                                   24,007.00
243,700        609,350                  × 35% (0.35)                                   31,318.00
609,350  - - - - -                      × 37% (0.37)                                   43,505.00
* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 
or line 39, as appropriate. 
If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or 
line 5, as appropriate.

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Tax Computation Worksheet for 2024 (Continued)
c. Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Surviving Spouse. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if 
   you expect your filing status for 2024 to be Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Surviving Spouse.
Expected Taxable               (a)              (b)               (c)                      (d)         (e)
      Income             Enter amount   Multiplication            Multiply   Subtraction               Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 
   If Worksheet 1-3,        from                amount            (a) by (b)               amount      here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4*
       line 3* is —      Worksheet 1-3,
                            line 3*
   Over    But not 
               over
      $0       $23,200                          × 10% (0.10)                                   $0
   23,200      94,300                           × 12% (0.12)                               464.00
   94,300      201,050                          × 22% (0.22)                               9,894.00
201,050        383,900                          × 24% (0.24)                               13,915.00
383,900        487,450                          × 32% (0.32)                               44,627.00
487,450        731,200                          × 35% (0.35)                               59,250.50
731,200    - - - - -                            × 37% (0.37)                               73,874.50
* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 
or line 39, as appropriate. 
If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or 
line 5, as appropriate.

d. Married Filing Separately. Use this worksheet to figure the amount to enter on Worksheet 1-3, line 4, if you expect your filing status for 2024 to 
   be Married Filing Separately.
Expected Taxable            (a)                 (b)               (c)                      (d)         (e)
      Income             Enter amount from  Multiplication amount Multiply                 Subtraction Subtract (d) from (c). Enter the result 
   If Worksheet 1-3,     Worksheet 1-3,                           (a) by (b)               amount      here and on Worksheet 1-3, line 4*
       line 3* is —         line 3*
   Over    But not 
               over
      $0       $11,600                          × 10% (0.10)                                      $0
   11,600      47,150                           × 12% (0.12)                               232.00
   47,150      100,525                          × 22% (0.22)                               4,947.00
   100,525     191,950                          × 24% (0.24)                               6,957.50
   191,950     243,725                          × 32% (0.32)                               22,313.50
   243,725     365,600                          × 35% (0.35)                               29,625.25
   365,600 - - - - -                            × 37% (0.37)                               36,937.25
* If you are using Worksheet 2-5, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 1 or line 14 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 37 or 
line 39, as appropriate. 
If you are using Worksheet 2-6, for column (a) above, use the amount from line 2 or line 3 and enter the result (from column (e)) on line 4 or line 5, 
as appropriate.

16                                              Chapter 1         Tax Withholding for 2024             Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 1-5. Projected Withholding for 2024                                                                         Keep for Your Records
Use this worksheet to figure the amount of your projected withholding for 2024, compare it to your projected tax for 2024, and, if necessary, figure 
any adjustment to the amount you have withheld each payday.
 
Note. If married filing jointly, enter combined amounts.
 1.  Enter your projected tax for 2024 from Worksheet 1-3, line 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       1.   
 2.  Enter your total federal income tax withheld to date in 2024 from all sources of income. (For wages, you should be 
     able to find the withholding-to-date on your last pay slip or statement.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     2.   
 3.  Enter the federal tax withholding you expect for the rest of 2024.
     a.    For each source of wages, multiply the amount of federal income tax now being withheld each payday by the 
           number of paydays remaining in the year and enter the combined amount for all jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                3a.  
     b.    For all other sources of recurring taxable income, multiply the withholding amount by the remaining number of 
           times the income is expected. For example, if you have federal income tax withheld from your monthly pension and 
           you will receive nine more payments this year, multiply your monthly withholding amount by 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  3b.  
 4.  Add lines 2, 3a, and 3b. This is your projected withholding for 2024      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     4.   
 5.  Compare the amounts on lines 1 and 4.
           • If line 1 is more than line 4, subtract line 4 from line 1. You need to increase your withholding. Enter the result here 
           and go to line 6.
           • If line 4 is more than line 1, subtract line 1 from line 4. You may want to decrease your withholding. Enter the 
           result here and go to line 6.                                                                                                                               5.   
 6.  Divide line 5 by the number of paydays (or other withholding events) remaining in 2024 and enter the result. This is the 
     additional amount you should use to either increase or decrease the amount you have withheld from each remaining 
     payday (or other withholding event). Follow the instructions for line 6 for your situation for completing a 2024 Form 
     W-4. The instructions are different if your withholding so far this year was based on a 2019 (or earlier) Form W-4 or a 
     2024 Form W-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.   

Instructions for line 6—If your                        Instructions for line 6—If your                        Instructions for line 6—If your 
withholding to date was figured                        withholding to date was figured                        withholding to date was figured 
based on a 2019 (or earlier) Form                      based on a 2019 (or earlier) Form                      based on a 2024 Form W-4.
W-4.                                                   W-4.
                                                                                                              Use the following instructions to either 
Use the following instructions to                      Use the following instructions to                      increase or decrease your 
increase your withholding.                             decrease your withholding.                             withholding.
How do you increase your withholding? Follow           How do you decrease your withholding? Follow           How do you increase your withholding? Follow 
these steps to increase your withholding by completing these steps to decrease your withholding by completing these steps to increase your withholding by completing 
a 2024 Form W-4.                                       a 2024 Form W-4.                                       a 2024 Form W-4. 
Step 1:    •     If your filing status was "Single" or Step 1:    •     If your filing status was "Single" or         •   Complete your new 2024 Form W-4 
                 "Married, but withhold at higher                       "Married, but withhold at higher                  through Step 4(b) in the same way you 
                 Single rate," check "Single."                          Single rate," check "Single."                     completed your previous Form W-4.
           •     If your filing status was "Married,"             •     If your filing status was "Married,"          •   Add the amount, if any, on Step 4(c) of 
                 check "Married filing jointly."                        check "Married filing jointly."                   your previous Form W-4 to the amount 
           Note. Head of household filing status                  Note. Head of household filing status was               on line 6 of Worksheet 1-5 above and 
           was not a choice on the 2019 (or                       not a choice on the 2019 (or earlier)                   enter the result on Step 4(c) of your 
           earlier) Form(s) W-4.                                  Form(s) W-4.                                            new Form W-4.
Step 4(a): •     If your filing status was "Single" or Step 3:    Multiply the amount on line 6 of            How do you decrease your withholding?
                 "Married, but withhold at higher                 Worksheet 1-5 by the number of paydays                  Complete Steps 1, 2(c), 4(a), 4(b), 
                 Single rate," enter $10,100 (the                 in 2024 and enter this amount on Step 3.            •
                 equivalent of 2 allowances) on        Step 4(a): •     If your filing status was "Single" or             and 4(c) in the same way as you 
                 Step 4(a).                                             "Married, but withhold at higher                  completed your previous Form W-4.
           •     If your filing status was "Married,"                   Single rate," enter $10,100 (the              •   Add the amount, if any, on Step 3 of 
                 enter $15,150 (the equivalent of 3                     equivalent of 2 allowances) on Step               your previous Form W-4 to the product 
                 allowances) on Step 4(a).                              4(a).                                             of line 6 of Worksheet 1-5 multiplied 
Step 4(b): •     If there was an entry on line 5                  •     If your filing status was "Married,"              by the total number of paydays in 2024 
                 (number of allowances), multiply                       enter $15,150 (the equivalent of 3                and enter the result on Step 3 of your 
                 each claimed allowance by                              allowances) on Step 4(a).                         new Form W-4.
                 $5,050 and enter the result on        Step 4(b): •     If there was an entry on line 5 
                 Step 4(b).                                             (number of allowances), multiply              If you make a mid-year change to your 
Step 4(c): •     If there is an amount on line 6,                       each claimed allowance by $5,050      !       withholding,  you  should  complete  and 
                 add it to the amount on line 6 of                      and enter the result on Step 4(b).    CAUTION give to your employer a new Form W-4 
                 Worksheet 1-5 above, and enter        Step 4(c): •     If there was an amount on line 6,     in  January.  The  later  in  the  year  you  change 
                 the result on Step 4(c).                               add it to the amount on Step 4(c).    your Form W-4, the more important it is that you 
                                                                                                              submit a new form the following January.

Publication 505 (2024)                                  Chapter 1       Tax Withholding for 2024                                                                           17

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Worksheet 1-6. Tax Credits for 2024 Form W-4 or Form W-4P                Keep for Your Records
Use this worksheet to figure any extra amount to enter in Step 3 of Form W-4 or Form W-4P. For more information on these credits, see Tax 
Credits, earlier.
Caution. The child tax credit and the credit for other dependents are already figured in Step 3 of Form W-4 or Form W-4P.
Enter the projected amount for each credit you expect to take (other than the child tax credit or credit for other 
dependents).
   1. Credit for the elderly or the disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               1.
   2. Credit for child and dependent care expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       2.
   3. Education credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3.
   4. Adoption credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    4.
   5. Foreign tax credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     5.
   6. Retirement savings contributions credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  6.
   7. Earned income credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         7.
   8. Premium tax credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       8.
   9. Other credits (see Table 1-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            9.
10.   Add lines 1 through 9. This is your total estimated tax credits. Include this amount in the total entered on Form W-4, 
      Step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.

18                                Chapter 1 Tax Withholding for 2024                                               Publication 505 (2024)

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you may be charged a penalty even if you are Worksheets. You may need to use several of
due a refund when you file your tax return. For the blank worksheets included in this chapter.
information on when the penalty applies, see See Worksheets for Chapter 2 to locate what
2. the Instructions for Form 2210. you need.
It would be helpful for you to have a
TIP copy of your 2023 tax return and an es-
Estimated Tax timate of your 2024 income nearby Who Does Not Have To
while reading this chapter. Also, keep in mind Pay Estimated Tax
the items under What's New for 2024, earlier.
for 2024
If you receive salaries and wages, you may be
Topics able to avoid paying estimated tax by asking
This chapter discusses: your employer to take more tax out of your earn-
Introduction ings. To do this, file a new Form W-4 with your
employer. See chapter 1.
Estimated tax is the method used to pay tax on • Who must pay estimated tax,
income that isn’t subject to withholding. This in- • How to figure estimated tax (including Estimated tax not required. You don’t have to
cludes income from self-employment, interest, illustrated examples), pay estimated tax for 2024 if you meet all three
dividends, rent, gains from the sale of assets, • When to pay estimated tax, of the following conditions.
prizes, and awards. You may also have to pay • How to figure each payment, and • You had no tax liability for 2023.
estimated tax if the amount of income tax being • How to pay estimated tax. • You were a U.S. citizen or resident alien for
withheld from your salary, pension, or other in- the whole year.
come isn’t enough. Useful Items • Your 2023 tax year covered a 12-month pe-
Estimated tax is used to pay both income You may want to see: riod.
tax and self-employment tax, as well as other
taxes and amounts reported on your tax return. You had no tax liability for 2023 if your total
If you don’t pay enough tax, either through with- Form (and Instructions) tax (defined later under Total tax for
holding or estimated tax, or a combination of 1040-ES 1040-ES Estimated Tax for Individuals 2023—line 12b) was zero or you didn’t have to
file an income tax return.
both, you may have to pay a penalty. If you don’t See How To Get Tax Help at the end of this pub-
pay enough by the due date of each payment lication for information about how to get this
period (see When To Pay Estimated Tax, later), publication and form.

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 19

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Figure 2-A. Do You Have To Pay Estimated Tax?

                 Start Here
       1. Will you owe $1,000 or                          2a. Will your income tax                               2b. Will your income tax withholding
          more for 2024 after                                 withholding and refundable                         and refundable credits*be at            No
          subtracting income tax       Yes                    credits*be at least 90%       No                   least 100%** of the tax shown
          withholding and refundable                          (662⁄3% for farmers and                            on your 2023 tax return?
          credits*from your total                             shermen) of the tax shown on
          tax? (Don’t subtract any                            your 2024 tax return?                              Note: Your 2023 return must
          estimated tax payments.)                                                                               have covered a 12-month
                                                                                                                 period.
                                                                          Yes
                       No                                                                                            Yes

                                       You are NOT required to pay                                                   You MUST make estimated
                                       estimated tax.                                                                tax payment(s) by the
                                                                                                                     required due date(s).
                                                                                                                     See When To Pay
                                                                                                                     Estimated Tax.

* Use the refundable credits shown on the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet, line 11b.
** 110% if less than two-thirds of your gross income for 2023 or 2024 is from farming or shing and your 2023 adjusted gross income was 
more than $150,000 ($75,000 if your ling status for 2024 is married ling a separate return).

                                                          Figure  2-A  takes  you  through  the  general             Making joint or separate estimated tax pay-
                                                          rule. You may find this helpful in determining if      ments  won’t  affect  your  choice  of  filing  a  joint 
Who Must Pay                                              you must pay estimated tax.                            tax return or separate returns for 2024.
Estimated Tax                                                     If all your income will be subject to in-      2023 separate returns and 2024 joint return. 
                                                          TIP     come  tax  withholding,  you  probably         If you plan to file a joint return with your spouse 
If  you  owed  additional  tax  for  2023,  you  may              don’t need to pay estimated tax.               for 2024, but you filed separate returns for 2023, 
have to pay estimated tax for 2024.                                                                              your  2023  tax  is  the  total  of  the  tax  shown  on 
                                                                                                                 your  separate  returns.  You  filed  a  separate  re-
You can use the following general rule as a               Married Taxpayers                                      turn if you filed as single, head of household, or 
guide  during  the  year  to  see  if  you  will  have                                                           married filing separately.
enough  withholding,  or  should  increase  your          If  you  qualify  to  make  joint  estimated  tax  pay-
withholding or make estimated tax payments.               ments,  apply  the  rules  discussed  here  to  your   2023 joint return and 2024 separate returns. 
                                                          joint estimated income.                                If you plan to file a separate return for 2024, but 
                                                                                                                 you filed a joint return for 2023, your 2023 tax is 
General Rule                                              You and your spouse can make joint estima-             your share of the tax on the joint return. You file 
                                                          ted tax payments even if you are not living to-        a  separate  return  if  you  file  as  single,  head  of 
In most cases, you must pay estimated tax for             gether.                                                household, or married filing separately.
2024 if both of the following apply.                                                                                 To figure your share of the tax on a joint re-
                                                          However,  you  and  your  spouse  can’t  make          turn,  first  figure  the  tax  both  you  and  your 
1. You expect to owe at least $1,000 in tax for           joint estimated tax payments if:                       spouse would have paid had you filed separate 
   2024 after subtracting your withholding                •   You are legally separated under a decree           returns for 2023 using the same filing status for 
   and tax credits.                                           of divorce or separate maintenance,                2024. Then, multiply the tax on the joint return 
2. You expect your withholding and tax cred-              •   You and your spouse have different tax             by the following fraction.
   its to be less than the smaller of:                        years, or
       a. 90% of the tax to be shown on your              •   Either spouse is a nonresident alien (un-
                                                              less that spouse elected to be treated as a                The tax you would have paid 
          2024 tax return, or                                 resident alien for tax purposes). See                      had you filed a separate 
       b. 100% of the tax shown on your 2023                  Choosing Resident Alien Status in Pub.                               return
          tax return. Your 2023 tax return must               519.                                                       The total tax you and your 
          cover all 12 months.                                                                                           spouse would have paid 
                                                          Note.     Individuals who are in registered do-
Note. The percentages in (2a) or (2b) just listed         mestic partnerships, civil unions, or other simi-              had you filed separate 
may  be  different  if  you  are  a  farmer,  fisher,  or lar  formal  relationships  that  are  not  marriages                   returns
higher  income  taxpayer.  See   Special  Rules,          under  state  law  can’t  make  joint  estimated  tax 
later.                                                    payments.  These  individuals  can  take  credit 
        If the result from using the general rule         only for the estimated tax payments that he or         Special Rules
                                                          she made.
!       above  suggests  that  you  won’t  have                                                                  There are special rules for farmers, fishers, and 
CAUTION enough  withholding,  complete  the                                                                      certain higher income taxpayers.
2024  Estimated Tax  Worksheet  for a more ac-            If you and your spouse can’t make joint esti-
curate calculation.                                       mated tax payments, apply these rules to your 
                                                          separate estimated income.
20                                                            Chapter 2     Estimated Tax for 2024                                   Publication 505 (2024)

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Farmers and Fishers Services normally performed in connection with changes in the law, visit the IRS website at
fishing include: IRS.gov.
If at least two-thirds of your gross income for • Shore service as an officer or crew mem-
2023 or 2024 is from farming or fishing, substi- ber of a vessel engaged in fishing; and The instructions for Form 1040-ES include a
tute 66 / % for 90% in (2a) under 2 3 General Rule, • Services that are necessary for the imme- worksheet to help you figure your estimated tax.
earlier. diate preservation of the catch, such as Keep the worksheet for your records.
cleaning, icing, and packing the catch.
Gross income. Your gross income is all in- 2024 Estimated Tax
come you receive in the form of money, goods, Higher Income Taxpayers Worksheet
property, and services that isn’t exempt from
tax. To determine whether two-thirds of your If your AGI for 2023 was more than $150,000
gross income for 2023 was from farming or fish- ($75,000 if your filing status for 2024 is married ! If you file Form 1040-SS use the Esti-
ing, use as your gross income the total of the in- filing a separate return), substitute 110% for CAUTION mated Tax Worksheet for Filers of Form
come (not loss) amounts. 100% in (2b) under General Rule, earlier. 1040-SS, in Form 1040-ES to figure your esti-
mated tax.
Joint returns. On a joint return, you must add
your spouse's gross income to your gross in- For 2023, AGI is the amount shown on Form Use Worksheet 2-1 to help guide you
come to determine if at least two-thirds of your 1040 or 1040-SR, line 11. through the information about completing the
total gross income is from farming or fishing. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet. You can also
Note. This rule does not apply to farmers find a copy of the worksheet in the instructions
Gross income from farming. This is income and fishers. for Form 1040-ES.
from cultivating the soil or raising agricultural
commodities. It includes the following amounts. Aliens Expected AGI—Line 1
• Income from operating a stock, dairy, poul-
try, bee, fruit, or truck farm. Resident and nonresident aliens may also have Your expected AGI for 2024 (line 1) is your ex-
• Income from a plantation, ranch, nursery, to pay estimated tax. Resident aliens should fol- pected total income minus your expected ad-
range, orchard, or oyster bed. low the rules in this publication, unless noted justments to income.
• Crop shares for the use of your land. otherwise. Nonresident aliens should get Form
• Gains from sales of draft, breeding, dairy, 1040-ES (NR), U.S. Estimated Tax for Nonresi- Total income. Include in your total income all
or sporting livestock. dent Alien Individuals. the income you expect to receive during the
For 2023, gross income from farming is the year, even income that is subject to withholding.
total of the following amounts. You are an alien if you are not a citizen or na- However, don’t include income that is tax ex-
• Schedule F (Form 1040), Profit or Loss tional of the United States. You are a resident empt.
From Farming, line 9. alien if you either have a green card or meet the Total income includes all income and loss
• Form 4835, Farm Rental Income and Ex- substantial presence test. for 2024 that, if you had received it in 2023,
penses, line 7. For more information about withholding, the would have been included on your 2023 tax re-
• Your share of the gross farming income substantial presence test, and Form 1040-ES turn in the total on line 9 of Form 1040 or
from a partnership, S corporation, estate or (NR), see Pub. 519. 1040-SR.
trust from Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), Social security and railroad retire-
Schedule K-1 (Form 1120-S), or Sched- ment benefits. If you expect to receive
ule K-1 (Form 1041). Estates and Trusts social security or tier 1 railroad retire-
• Your gains from sales of draft, breeding, ment benefits during 2024, use Worksheet 2-2
dairy, or sporting livestock shown on Form Estates and trusts must also pay estimated tax. to figure the amount of expected taxable bene-
4797, Sales of Business Property. However, estates (and certain grantor trusts fits you should include on line 1.
Wages you receive as a farm employee and that receive the residue of the decedent's estate
wages you receive from a farm corporation are under the decedent's will) are exempt from pay-
not gross income from farming. ing estimated tax for the first 2 years after the Adjustments to income. Be sure to subtract
decedent's death. from your expected total income all of the ad-
justments you expect to take on your 2024 tax
Gross income from fishing. This is income Estates and trusts must use Form 1041-ES, return.
from catching, taking, harvesting, cultivating, or Estimated Income Tax for Estates and Trusts, to
farming any kind of fish, shellfish (for example, figure and pay estimated tax. Self-employed. If you expect to have
clams and mussels), crustaceans (for example, income from self-employment, use
lobsters, crabs, and shrimp), sponges, sea- Worksheet 2-3 to figure your expected
weeds, or other aquatic forms of animal and self-employment tax and your allowable deduc-
vegetable life. How To Figure tion for self-employment tax. Include the
Gross income from fishing includes the fol- Estimated Tax amount from Worksheet 2-3 in your expected
lowing amounts. adjustments to income. If you file a joint return
• Schedule C (Form 1040), Profit or Loss To figure your estimated tax, you must figure and both you and your spouse have net earn-
From Business, line 7. your expected AGI, taxable income, taxes, de- ings from self-employment, each of you must
• Income for services as an officer or crew ductions, and credits for the year. complete a separate worksheet.
member of a vessel while the vessel is en-
gaged in fishing. When figuring your 2024 estimated tax, it
• Your share of the gross fishing income may be helpful to use your income, deductions, Expected Taxable Income—
from a partnership, S corporation, estate or and credits for 2023 as a starting point. Use Line 2
trust from Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), your 2023 federal tax return as a guide. You can
Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S), or Sched- use Form 1040-ES to figure your estimated tax. Reduce your expected AGI for 2024 (line 1) by
ule K-1 (Form 1041). Nonresident aliens use Form 1040-ES (NR) to either your expected itemized deductions or
• Certain taxable interest and punitive dam- figure estimated tax. your standard deduction.
age awards received in connection with the
Exxon Valdez litigation. You must make adjustments both for Itemized deductions—line 2a. If you expect
• Income for services normally performed in changes in your own situation and for recent to claim itemized deductions on your 2024 tax
connection with fishing. changes in the tax law. Some of these changes return, enter the estimated amount on line 2a.
are discussed earlier under What's New for Itemized deductions are the deductions that
2024. For information about these and other can be claimed on Schedule A (Form 1040).
Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 21

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Standard deduction—line 2a. If you expect 1. Your tax on line 6. Filing Status Threshold Amount
to claim the standard deduction on your 2024 2. Your expected alternative minimum tax Married filing jointly $250,000
tax return, enter the amount on line 2a. Use (AMT) from Form 6251. Married filing separately $125,000
Worksheet 2-4 to figure your standard deduc-
tion. 3. Your expected additional taxes from Form Single $200,000
8814, Parents' Election To Report Child's Head of household $200,000
No standard deduction. The standard de- Interest and Dividends, and Form 4972,
duction for some individuals is zero. Your stand- Tax on Lump-Sum Distributions. Qualifying surviving spouse $200,000
ard deduction will be zero if you:
• File a separate return and your spouse 4. Any recapture of education credits. Medicare wages and self-employment
itemizes deductions, income are combined to determine if your
• Are a dual-status alien, or Step 3. Subtract your expected credits (line 7). income exceeds the threshold. A self-em-
• File a return for a period of less than 12 If you are using your 2023 return as a guide and ployment loss should not be considered
months because you change your ac- filed Form 1040 or 1040-SR, your total credits for purposes of this tax. RRTA compensa-
counting period. for 2023 were shown on line 21. tion should be separately compared to the
If your credits on line 7 are more than your threshold. Your employer is responsible for
Expected Taxes and Credits— taxes on line 6, enter -0- on line 8 and go to withholding the 0.9% Additional Medicare
Lines 4–11c Step 4. Tax on Medicare wages or RRTA compen-
sation it pays to you in excess of $200,000
Step 4. Add your expected self-employment in 2024. You should consider this withhold-
After you have figured your expected taxable in- tax (line 9). You should already have figured ing, if applicable, in determining whether
come (line 3), follow the steps next to figure your self-employment tax (see Self-employed you need to make an estimated payment.
your expected taxes, credits, and total tax for under Expected AGI—Line 1, earlier).
2024. Most people will have entries for only a 6. Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). The
few of these steps. However, you should check Step 5. Add your expected other taxes NIIT is 3.8% of the lesser of your net in-
every step to be sure you don’t overlook any- (line 10). vestment income or the excess of your
thing. Other taxes include the following. The total MAGI over the amount listed in the follow-
of these taxes are entered on line 10. ing chart, based on your filing status.
Step 1. Figure your expected income tax
(line 4). Generally, you will use the 2024 Tax 1. Additional tax on early distributions from: Filing Status Threshold Amount
Rate Schedules to figure your expected income a. An IRA or other qualified retirement Married filing jointly $250,000
tax. plan, Married filing separately $125,000
However, see below for situations where you
must use a different method to figure your esti- b. A tax-sheltered annuity, or Single $200,000
mated tax. c. A modified endowment contract en- Head of household $200,000
Tax on child's investment income. You tered into after June 20, 1988. Qualifying surviving spouse $250,000
must use a special method to figure tax on the 2. Household employment taxes if:
income of the following children who have more Step 6. Subtract your refundable credits
than $2,600 of investment income. a. You will have federal income tax with-
held from wages, pensions, annuities, (line 11c). These include the earned income
1. Children under age 18 at the end of 2024. gambling winnings, or other income; credit, additional child tax credit, fuel tax credit,
2. The following children if their earned in- or net premium tax credit, refundable American
opportunity credit, and section 1341 credit.
come isn’t more than half their support. b. You would be required to make esti- To figure your expected fuel tax credit, don’t
a. Children age 18 at the end of 2024. mated tax payments even if you didn’t include fuel tax for the first 3 quarters of the
include household employment taxes year that you expect to have refunded to you.
b. Children who are full-time students at when figuring your estimated tax. The result of Steps 1 through 6 is your total
least age 19 but under age 24 at the estimated tax for 2024 (line 11c).
end of 2024. 3. Amounts entered on Schedule 2 (Form
1040), line 14 through 17z. But don’t in-
Tax on net capital gain. The regular in- clude the following. Required Annual Payment—
come tax rates for individuals don’t apply to a a. Line 17b, recapture of a federal mort- Line 12c
net capital gain. Instead, your net capital gain is gage subsidy;
taxed at a lower maximum rate. On lines 12a through 12c, figure the total
The term “net capital gain” means the b. Line 17k, tax on excess golden para- amount you must pay for 2024, through with-
amount by which your net long-term capital gain chute payments; holding and estimated tax payments, to avoid
for the year is more than your net short-term paying a penalty.
capital loss. c. Line 17m, excise tax on insider stock
compensation from an expatriated
Tax on capital gain and qualified corporation; or General rule. The total amount you must pay
is the smaller of:
dividends. If the amount on line 1 in- d. Line 17n, look-back interest due un-
cludes a net capital gain or qualified der section 167(g) or 460(b) of the In- 1. 90% of your total expected tax for 2024, or
dividends, use Worksheet 2-5 to figure your tax. ternal Revenue Code. 2. 100% of the total tax shown on your 2023
Note. The tax rate on your capital gains and 4. Repayment of the first-time homebuyer return. Your 2023 tax return must cover all
dividends will depend on your income. credit. See Form 5405. 12 months.
Tax if excluding foreign earned in- 5. Additional Medicare Tax. A 0.9% Addi- Special rules. There are special rules for
come or excluding or deducting for- tional Medicare Tax applies to your com- higher income taxpayers and for farmers and
eign housing. If you expect to claim bined Medicare wages and self-employ- fishers.
the foreign earned income exclusion or the ment income and/or your RRTA
housing exclusion or deduction on Form 2555, compensation that exceeds the amount Higher income taxpayers. If your AGI for
use Worksheet 2-6 to figure your estimated tax. listed in the following chart, based on your 2023 was more than $150,000 ($75,000 if your
filing status. filing status for 2024 is married filing sepa-
rately), substitute 110% for 100% in (2) above.
Step 2. Total your expected taxes (line 6). In- This rule does not apply to farmers and fishers.
clude on line 6 the sum of the following.
22 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)

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For 2023, AGI is the amount shown on Form usually pay this difference in four equal install- Example. You do not pay any estimated tax
1040 or 1040-SR, line 11. ments. See When To Pay Estimated Tax and for 2024. You file the 2024 income tax return
How To Figure Each Payment, later. and pay the balance due shown on the return
Example. Your total tax on the 2023 return on January 26, 2025.
was $42,581, and the expected tax for 2024 is You don’t have to pay estimated tax if: Your estimated tax for the fourth payment
$71,253. Your 2023 AGI was $180,000. Be- • Line 12c minus line 13 is zero or less, or period is considered to have been paid on time.
cause you had more than $150,000 of AGI in • Line 11c minus line 13 is less than $1,000. However, you may owe a penalty for not making
2023, you figure the required annual payment the first three estimated tax payments, if re-
as follows. You determine that 90% of the ex- Withholding—line 13. Your expected with- quired. Any penalty for not making those pay-
pected tax for 2024 is $64,128 (90% (0.90) × holding for 2024 (line 13) includes the income ments will be figured up to January 26, 2025.
$71,253). Next, you determine that 110% of the tax you expect to be withheld from all sources
tax shown on the 2023 return is $46,839 (110% (wages, pensions and annuities, etc.). It in- Fiscal-year taxpayers. If your tax year does
(1.10) x $42,581). Finally, you determine that cludes excess social security and tier 1 railroad not start on January 1, your payment due dates
the required annual payment is $46,839, the retirement tax you expect to be withheld from are:
smaller of the two. your wages and compensation. For this pur-
Farmers and fishers. If at least two-thirds pose, you will have excess social security or tier 1. The 15th day of the 4th month of your fis-
of your gross income for 2023 or 2024 is from 1 railroad retirement tax withholding for 2024 cal year,
farming or fishing, your required annual pay- only if your wages and compensation from two 2. The 15th day of the 6th month of your fis-
ment is the smaller of: or more employers are more than $168,600. cal year,
1. 66 / % (0.6667) of your total tax for 2024, 2 3 It also includes Additional Medicare Tax you 3. The 15th day of the 9th month of your fis-
expect to be withheld from your wages or com- cal year, and
or pensation. Your employer is responsible for
2. 100% of the total tax shown on your 2023 withholding the 0.9% Additional Medicare Tax 4. The 15th day of the 1st month after the
return. (Your 2023 tax return must cover all on Medicare wages or RRTA compensation it end of your fiscal year.
12 months.) pays to you in excess of $200,000.
You don’t have to make the last payment lis-
For definitions of “gross income from farm- ted above if you file your income tax return by
the last day of the first month after the end of
ing” and “gross income from fishing,” see Farm- When To Pay your fiscal year and pay all the tax you owe with
ers and Fishers, earlier, under Special Rules.
Estimated Tax your return.
Total tax for 2023—line 12b. Your 2023 total
tax is the amount on line 24 reduced by the fol- For estimated tax purposes, the year is divided When To Start
lowing. into four payment periods. Each period has a
1. Unreported social security and Medicare specific payment due date. If you don’t pay You don’t have to make estimated tax payments
tax or RRTA tax from Forms 4137 or 8919 enough tax by the due date of each of the pay- until you have income on which you will owe in-
included on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), lines ment periods, you may be charged a penalty come tax. If you have income subject to estima-
5 and 6. even if you are due a refund when you file your ted tax during the first payment period, you
income tax return. must make your first payment by the due date
2. Amounts from Form 5329, Parts III through If a payment is mailed, the date of the U.S. for the first payment period.
IX only. postmark is considered the date of payment. You have several options when paying esti-
3. The following amounts from Schedule 2 The general payment periods and due dates for mated taxes. You can:
(Form 1040). estimated tax payments are shown next. For ex- • Apply an overpayment from the previous
a. Excise tax on excess golden para- ceptions to the dates listed, see Saturday, Sun- tax year,
chute payments (Schedule 2, day, holiday rule. • Pay all your estimated tax by the due date
line 17k). Tax year of your first payment, or
b. Excise tax on insider stock compen- For the General due 2024 due • Pay it in installments.
sation from an expatriated corporation period: date: date: If you choose to pay in installments, make
(Schedule 2, line 17m). 1 your first payment by the due date for the first
Jan. 1 payment period. Make your remaining install-
c. Look-back interest due under section – March 31 . . . April 15 April 15, 2024 ment payments by the due dates for the later
167(g) (Schedule 2, line 17n). April 1 periods.
d. Look-back interest due under section – May 31 . . . . . June 15 June 17, 2024
To avoid any estimated tax penalties, all in-
460(b) (Schedule 2, line 17n). June 1 stallments must be paid by their due date and
e. Recapture of federal mortgage sub- – Aug. 31 . . . . Sept. 15 Sept. 16, 2024 for the required amount.
sidy (Schedule 2, line 17b). Sept. 1 Jan. 15, next
f. Uncollected social security and Medi- – Dec. 31 . . . . year2 Jan. 15, 2025 No income subject to estimated tax during
first period. If you don’t have income subject
care tax or RRTA tax on tips or 1 If your tax year does not begin on January 1, to estimated tax until a later payment period,
group-term life insurance (Schedule 2, see Fiscal-year taxpayers, later. you must make your first payment by the due
line 13). 2 See January payment, later. date for that period. You can pay your entire es-
4. Any refundable credit amounts on Form timated tax by the due date for that period or
1040 or 1040-SR, line 27, 28, and 29, and you can pay it in installments by the due date for
Schedule 3 (Form 1040), lines 9, and 12, Saturday, Sunday, holiday rule. If the due that period and the due dates for the remaining
13b and Schedule H lines 8e and 8f. date for an estimated tax payment falls on a periods. Table 2-1 shows the general due dates
Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the payment for making installment payments when the due
will be on time if you make it on the next day date does not fall on a Saturday, Sunday, or hol-
Total Estimated Tax Payments that isn’t a Saturday, Sunday, or a holiday. See iday.
Needed—Line 14a Pub. 509 for a list of all legal holidays.
Use lines 13 and 14a to figure the total estima- January payment. If you file your 2024 Form
ted tax you may be required to pay for 2024. 1040 or 1040-SR by January 31, 2025, and pay
Subtract your expected withholding from your the rest of the tax you owe, you don’t need to
required annual payment (line 12c). You must make the payment due on January 15, 2025.
Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 23

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Table 2-1. General Due Dates for                        Fiscal year farmers and fishers.                            If you are a amended  estimated  tax  by  the  next  payment 
             Estimated Tax                              farmer or fisher, but your tax year does not start                       due date after the change or in installments by 
             Installment Payments                       on January 1, you can either:                                            that  date  and  the  due  dates  for  the  remaining 
                                                        • Pay all your estimated tax by the 15th day                             payment periods.
If you first have                                         after the end of your tax year, or
income on which  Make a          Make later             • File your return and pay all the tax you owe                           If  you  don’t  receive  your  income  evenly 
you must pay       payment       installments             by the 1st day of the 3rd month after the                              throughout the year, your required estimated tax 
estimated tax:     by:*          by:*                     end of your tax year.                                                  payments may not be the same for each period. 
                                                                                                                                 See   Annualized  Income  Installment  Method, 
Before April 1     April 15      June 15                                                                                         later.
                                 Sept. 15
                                 Jan. 15 next year      How To Figure                                                                  Amended estimated tax. If you refig-
                                                                                                                                       ure your estimated tax during the year, 
April 1–May 31     June 15       Sept. 15               Each Payment                                                                   or if your first estimated tax payment is 
                                 Jan. 15 next year
                                                                                                                                 due  after  April  15,  2024,  figure  your  required 
June 1–Aug. 31     Sept. 15      Jan. 15 next year      After you have figured your total estimated tax,                         payment for each remaining payment period us-
After Aug. 31      Jan. 15       (None)                 figure how much you must pay by the due date                             ing Worksheet 2-10.
                       next year                        of  each  payment  period.  You  should  pay 
                                                        enough by each due date to avoid a penalty for 
*See January payment and Saturday, Sunday,              that period. If you don’t pay enough during any                          Example.                         Early in 2024, you figure estima-
holiday rule, earlier.                                  payment period, you may be charged a penalty                             ted tax due of $1,800. You make estimated tax 
                                                        even if you are due a refund when you file your                          payments on April 15 and June 17 of $450 each 
How much to pay to avoid penalty.        To deter-      tax  return.  The  penalty  is  discussed  in  the  In-                  ($1,800 ÷ 4).
mine  how  much  you  should  pay  by  each  pay-       structions for Form 2210.                                                On July 10, you sell investment property at a 
                                                                                                                                 gain.  Your  refigured  estimated  tax  is  $4,100. 
ment  due  date,  see  How  To  Figure  Each  Pay-                                                                               The required estimated tax payment for the third 
ment, later.                                            Regular Installment Method                                               payment period is $2,175.
                                                                                                                                 If your estimated tax does not change again, 
Farmers and Fishers                                     If your first estimated tax payment is due April                         the  required  estimated  tax  payment  for  the 
                                                        15, 2024, you can figure your required payment                           fourth payment period will be $1,025.
If  at  least  two-thirds  of  your  gross  income  for for each period by dividing your annual estima-                          Underpayment penalty.               The penalty is fig-
2023  or  2024  is  from  farming  or  fishing,  you    ted tax due (line 14a of the 2024 Estimated Tax                          ured separately for each payment period. If you 
have only one payment due date for your 2024            Worksheet  (Worksheet  2-1))  by  4.  Enter  this                        figure  your  payments  using  the  regular  install-
estimated tax: January 15, 2025. The due dates          amount  on  line  15.  However,  use  this  method                       ment method and later refigure your payments 
for  the  first  three  payment  periods,  discussed    only  if  your  income  is  basically  the  same                         because of an increase in income, you may be 
under When To Pay Estimated Tax, earlier, don’t         throughout the year.                                                     charged a penalty for underpayment of estima-
apply to you.                                                                                                                    ted  tax  for  the  period(s)  before  you  changed 
                                                        Change in estimated tax.  After you make an 
If you file your 2024 Form 1040 or 1040-SR              estimated  tax  payment,  changes  in  your  in-                         your payments. To see how you may be able to 
by March 3, 2025, and pay all the tax you owe           come, adjustments, deductions, or credits may                            avoid  or  reduce  this  penalty,  see Sched-
at that time, you don’t need to make an estima-         make it necessary for you to refigure your esti-                         ule AI—Annualized Income Installment Method 
ted tax payment.                                        mated  tax.  Pay  the  unpaid  balance  of  your                         in the Instructions for Form 2210.

Worksheet 2-10.        Amended Estimated Tax Worksheet
                                                                                                                                       Keep for Your Records
                                                                                                                                                                         
   1. Amended total estimated tax due . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            1.
   2. Multiply line 1 by:
       50% (0.50) if next payment is due June 17, 2024
       75% (0.75) if next payment is due September 16, 2024
       100% (1.00) if next payment is due January 15, 2025    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     2.
   3. Estimated tax payments for all previous periods     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               3.
   4. Next required payment: Subtract line 3 from line 2 and enter the result (but not 
      less than zero) here and on your payment voucher for your next required 
      payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
      Note. If the payment on line 4 is due January 15, 2025, stop here. Otherwise, 
      go to line 5.
   5. Add lines 3 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5.
   6. Subtract line 5 from line 1 and enter the result (but not less than zero)   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      6.
   7. Each following required payment: If the payment on line 4 is due June 17, 2024, enter one-half of the 
      amount on line 6 here and on the payment vouchers for your payments due September 16, 2024, and January 
      15, 2025. If the amount on line 4 is due September 16, 2024, enter the amount from line 6 here and on the 
      payment voucher for your payment due January 15, 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          7.

24                                                        Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024                                                                           Publication 505 (2024)

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Annualized Income Line 7. If you won’t itemize your deductions, deduction to figure each credit. For example, if
use Worksheet 2-4 to figure your standard de- you need to use your AGI to figure a credit, use
Installment Method duction. line 3 of Worksheet 2-7 to figure the credit for
each column.
If you don’t receive your income evenly through- Line 12. Generally, you will use the Tax Rate
out the year (for example, your income from a Schedules to figure the tax on your annualized Line 18. Add your expected other taxes.
repair shop you operate is much larger in the income. However, see below for situations Other taxes include the following.
summer than it is during the rest of the year), where you must use a different method to figure
your required estimated tax payment for one or your estimated tax. 1. Additional tax on early distributions from:
more periods may be less than the amount fig- a. An IRA or other qualified retirement
ured using the regular installment method. Tax on child's investment income. You plan,
must use a special method to figure tax on the
The annualized income installment method income of the following children who have more b. A tax-sheltered annuity, or
annualizes your tax at the end of each period than $2,600 of investment income. c. A modified endowment contract en-
based on a reasonable estimate of your in-
come, deductions, and other items relating to 1. Children under age 18 at the end of 2024. tered into after June 20, 1988.
events that occurred from the beginning of the 2. The following children if their earned in- 2. Household employment taxes if:
tax year through the end of the period. To see come isn’t more than half their support. a. You will have federal income tax with-
whether you can pay less for any period, com-
plete the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Work- a. Children age 18 at the end of 2024. held from wages, pensions, annuities,
sheet (Worksheet 2-7). b. Children who are full-time students at gambling winnings, or other income;
You first must complete the 2024 Esti- least age 19 but under age 24 at the or
end of 2024. b. You would be required to make esti-
CAUTION through line 14b.
! mated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) mated tax payments even if you didn’t
Tax on net capital gain. The regular in- include household employment taxes
come tax rates for individuals don’t apply to a when figuring your estimated tax.
Use the result you figure on line 32 of Work- net capital gain. Instead, your net capital gain is
sheet 2-7 to make your estimated tax payments taxed at a lower maximum rate. 3. Amounts on Schedule 2 (Form 1040),
and complete your payment vouchers. The term “net capital gain” means the lines 14 through 16, and 17a, 17c through
amount by which your net long-term capital gain 17j, 17l, and 17o through 17z.
Note. If you use the annualized income in- for the year is more than your net short-term 4. Repayment of the first-time homebuyer
stallment method to figure your estimated tax capital loss. credit if the home will cease to be your
payments, you must file Form 2210 with your
2024 tax return. See Schedule AI—Annualized Tax on qualified dividends and capital main home in 2024. See Form 5405 for ex-
Income Installment Method in the Instructions gains. For 2024, your capital gain and divi- ceptions.
for Form 2210 for more information. dends rate will depend on your income. 5. Additional Medicare Tax. A 0.9% Addi-
Tax on capital gain or qualified divi- tional Medicare Tax applies to your com-
Instructions for the 2024 dends. If the amount on line 1 includes bined Medicare wages and self-employ-
Annualized Estimated Tax a net capital gain or qualified divi- ment income and/or your RRTA
Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7) dends, use Worksheet 2-8 to figure the amount compensation that exceeds the amount
Use Worksheet 2-7 to help you follow to enter on line 10. listed in the following chart, based on your
filing status.
TIP these instructions. Tax if excluding foreign earned in-
come or excluding or deducting for- Filing Status Threshold Amount
eign housing. If you expect to claim Married filing jointly $250,000
The purpose of this worksheet is to deter- the foreign earned income exclusion or the
mine your estimated tax liability as your income housing exclusion or deduction on Form 2555, Married filing separately $125,000
accumulates throughout the year, rather than di- use Worksheet 2-9 to figure the amount to enter Single $200,000
viding your entire year's estimated tax liability by on line 10. Head of household $200,000
4 as if your income was earned equally through-
out the year. The top of the worksheet shows Qualifying surviving spouse $200,000
the dates for each payment period. The periods Line 13. Add the tax from Forms 8814, 4972,
build; that is, each period includes all previous and 6251 for the period. Also, include any re- Medicare wages and self-employment
periods. After the end of each payment period, capture of an education credit for each period. income are combined to determine if your
complete the corresponding worksheet column You may owe this tax if you claimed an educa- income exceeds the threshold. A self-em-
to figure the payment due for that period. tion credit in an earlier year and you received ei- ployment loss should not be considered
ther tax-free educational assistance or a refund for purposes of this tax. RRTA compensa-
Line 1. Enter your AGI for the period. This is of qualifying expenses for the same student af- tion should be separately compared to the
your gross income for the period, including your ter filing your 2023 return. threshold.
share of partnership or S corporation income or Use the 2023 forms or worksheets to see if Your employer is responsible for with-
loss, minus your adjustments to income for that you will owe any of the taxes just discussed. holding the 0.9% Additional Medicare Tax
period. See Expected AGI—Line 1, earlier. Figure the tax based on your income and de- on Medicare wages or RRTA compensa-
ductions during the period shown in the column tion it pays you in excess of $200,000 in
Self-employment income. If you had headings. Multiply this amount by the annuali- 2024. You should consider this withhold-
self-employment income, first complete Sec- zation amounts shown for each column on ing, if applicable, in determining whether
tion B of this worksheet. Use the amounts on line 2 of the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax you need to make an estimated payment.
line 41 when figuring your expected AGI to enter Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7). Enter the result on 6. Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). The
in each column of Section A, line 1. line 13 of this worksheet. NIIT is 3.8% of the lesser of your net in-
vestment income or the excess of your
Line 4. Be sure to consider deduction limits fig- Line 15. Include all the nonrefundable credits MAGI over a specified threshold amount.
ured on Schedule A (Form 1040), such as the you expect to claim because of events that will Threshold amounts:
$10,000 limit on state and local taxes. Figure occur during the period.
your deduction limits using your expected AGI
in the corresponding column of line 1 (2024 An- Note. When figuring your credits for each
nualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet period, annualize any item of income or
2-7)).
Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 25

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Filing Status Threshold Amount However, if you can use a treaty rate Example. When you finished filling out the
lower than 30%, use the percentages de- 2023 tax return, the result was an overpayment
Married filing jointly $250,000 termined by multiplying your treaty rate by of $750. You knew additional tax would be owed
Married filing separately $125,000 2.4, 1.5, and 1, respectively. in 2024. You credited $600 of the overpayment
Single $200,000 4. On line 26, enter one-half of the amount to the 2024 estimated tax and had the remain-
Head of household $200,000 from line 14c of the Form 1040-ES (NR) ing $150 issued as a refund.
Qualifying surviving $250,000 2023 Estimated Tax Worksheet in column In September, you amended the 2023 return
spouse (b), and one-fourth in columns (c) and (d) by filing Form 1040-X, Amended U.S. Individual
of Worksheet 2-7. Income Tax Return. It turned out that you owed
$250 more in tax than was originally thought.
Line 20. Include all the refundable credits 5. On lines 24 and 27, skip column (b). This reduced the 2023 overpayment from $750
(other than withholding credits) you can claim 6. On line 31, if you don’t use the actual with- to $500. Because the $750 had already been
because of events that occurred during the pe- holding method, include one-half of your applied to the 2024 estimated tax or refunded,
riod. These include the earned income credit, total expected withholding in column (b) the IRS billed you for the additional $250 owed,
additional child tax credit, fuel tax credit, net and one-fourth in columns (c) and (d). plus penalties and interest. You could not use
premium tax credit, refundable American oppor- any of the $600 that had been credited to the
tunity credit, and section 1341 credit. See Pub. 519 for more information. 2024 estimated tax to pay this bill.
Note. When figuring your refundable credits
for each period, annualize any item of income or Estimated Tax Pay Online
deduction used to figure each credit. Payments Not Required
Paying online is convenient and secure and
Line 29. If line 28 is smaller than line 25 and You don’t have to pay estimated tax if your with- helps make sure we get your payments on time.
you are not certain of the estimate of your 2024 holding in each payment period is at least as To pay your taxes online or for more information,
tax, you can avoid a penalty by entering the much as: go to IRS.gov/Payments. You can pay using any
amount from line 25 on line 29. • One-fourth of your required annual pay- of the following methods.
ment, or • Your Online Account. You can now make
Line 31. For each period, include estimated • Your required annualized income install- tax payments through your online account,
tax payments made and any excess social se- ment for that period. including balance payments, estimated tax
curity and railroad retirement tax. payments, or other types. You can also see
Also, include estimated federal income tax You also don’t have to pay estimated tax if your payment history and other tax records
withholding. One-fourth of your estimated with- you will pay enough through withholding to keep there. Go to IRS.gov/Account.
holding is considered withheld on the due date the amount you will owe with your return under • IRS Direct Pay. For online transfers di-
of each payment period. To figure the amount to $1,000. rectly from your checking or savings ac-
include on line 31 for each period, multiply your count at no cost to you, go to IRS.gov/
total expected withholding for 2024 by: Payments.
• 25% (0.25) for the first period, How To Pay • Pay by Card or Digital Wallet. To pay by
• 50% (0.50) for the second period, debit or credit card or digital wallet, go to
• 75% (0.75) for the third period, and Estimated Tax IRS.gov/Payments. There is a fee charged
• 100% (1.00) for the fourth period. by these service providers. You can also
However, you may choose to include your There are several ways to pay estimated tax. pay by phone with a debit or credit card.
withholding according to the actual dates on • Credit an overpayment on your 2023 return See Debit or credit card under Pay by
which the amounts will be withheld. For each to your 2024 estimated tax. Phone, later.
period, include withholding made from the be- • Pay by direct transfer from your bank ac- • Electronic Funds Withdrawal (EFW) is
ginning of the period up to and including the count, or pay by debit or credit card using a an integrated e-file/e-pay option offered
payment due date. You can make this choice pay-by-phone system or the Internet. when filing your federal taxes electronically
separately for the taxes withheld from your wa- • Send in your payment (check or money or- using tax preparation software, through a
ges and all other withholding. For an explana- der) with a payment voucher from Form tax professional, or the IRS at IRS.gov/
tion of what to include in withholding, see Total 1040-ES. Payments.
• Online Payment Agreement. If you can’t
Estimated Tax Payments Needed—Line 14a, pay in full by the due date of your tax re-
earlier. Credit an Overpayment turn, you can apply for an online monthly
installment agreement at IRS.gov/OPA.
Nonresident aliens. If you will file Form If you show an overpayment of tax after com- Once you complete the online process,
1040-NR and you don’t receive wages as an pleting your Form 1040 or 1040-SR for 2023, you will receive immediate notification of
employee subject to U.S. income tax withhold- you can apply part or all of it to your estimated whether your agreement has been ap-
ing, the instructions for the worksheet are modi- tax for 2024. On Form 1040 or 1040-SR, enter proved. A user fee is charged.
fied as follows. the amount you want credited to your estimated
1. Skip column (a). tax rather than refunded. Take the amount you
have credited into account when figuring your Electronic Federal Tax
2. On line 1, enter your income for the period estimated tax payments. If you timely file your Payment System (EFTPS)
that is effectively connected with a U.S. 2023 return, treat the credit as a payment made
trade or business. on April 15, 2024. Allows you to pay your taxes online or by phone
3. On line 21, increase your entry by the directly from your checking or saving ac-
amount determined by multiplying your in- If you are a beneficiary of an estate or trust, count.There is no fee for this service. You must
come for the period that isn’t effectively and the trustee elects to credit 2024 trust pay- be enrolled either online or have an enrollment
connected with a U.S. trade or business by ments of estimated tax to you, you can treat the form mailed to you. See EFTPS under Pay by
the following. amount credited as paid by you on January 15, Phone, later.
2025.
a. 72% (0.72) for column (b).
b. 45% (0.45) for column (c). If you choose to have an overpayment of tax Pay by Phone
credited to your estimated tax, you can’t have
c. 30% (0.30) for column (d). any of that amount refunded to you until you file Paying by phone is another safe and secure
your tax return for the following year. You also method of paying electronically. Use one of the
can’t use that overpayment in any other way. following methods: (1) call one of the debit or
26 Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 Publication 505 (2024)

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credit card service providers, or (2) use the maximum of $1,000 per day per transaction. To transfer, funds may be withdrawn from your ac-
Electronic Federal Tax Payment System make a cash payment, you must choose a pay- count as soon as the same day we receive your
(EFTPS) to pay directly from your checking or ment processor online with ACI Payments, Inc. payment, and you will not receive your check
savings account. at fed.acipayonline.com or www.Pay1040.com. back from your financial institution.
For more information, go to IRS.gov/
Debit or credit card. Call one of our service paywithcash or see Pub. 5250. Don't send cash No checks of $100 million or more accep-
providers. Each charges a fee that varies by payments through the mail. ted. The IRS can’t accept a single check (in-
provider, card type, and payment amount. cluding a cashier's check) for amounts of
$100,000,000 ($100 million) or more. If you are
WorldPay US, Inc. Pay by Check or Money sending $100 million or more by check, you'll
844-PAY-TAX-8 (844-729-8298)TM Order Using the Estimated need to spread the payment over two or more
www.payUSAtax.com Tax Payment Voucher checks with each check made out for an
amount less than $100 million. This limit doesn't
ACI Payments, Inc. Before submitting a payment through the mail, apply to other methods of payment (such as
888-UPAY-TAX (888-872-9829)TM please consider alternative methods. One of electronic payments). Please consider a
fed.acipayonline.com our safe, quick, and easy electronic payment method of payment other than check if the
options might be right for you. Each payment of amount of the payment is over $100 million.
Link2GOV Corporation estimated tax by check or money order must be
888-PAY-1040 (888-729-1040)TM accompanied by a payment voucher from Form Joint estimated tax payments. If you file a
www.PAY1040.com 1040-ES. If you use your own envelopes (and joint return and are making joint estimated tax
not the window envelope that comes with the payments, enter the names and social security
1040-ES package), make sure you mail your numbers on the payment voucher in the same
EFTPS. To get more information about EFTPS payment vouchers to the address shown in the order as they will appear on the joint return.
or to enroll in EFTPS, visit EFTPS.gov or call Form 1040-ES instructions for the place where
800-555-4477. To contact EFTPS using Tele- you live. Change of address. You must notify the IRS if
communications Relay Services (TRS) for peo- you are making estimated tax payments and
ple who are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a Don’t use the address shown in the In- you changed your address during the year.
speech disability, dial 711 and then provide the ! structions for Form 1040. Complete Form 8822, Change of Address, and
TRS assistant the 800-555-4477 number above CAUTION mail it to the address shown in the instructions
or 800-733-4829. Additional information about for that form.
EFTPS is also available in Pub. 966. If you didn’t pay estimated tax last year, get
a copy of Form 1040-ES from the IRS (see How
To Get Tax Help, later). Follow the instructions
Pay by Mobile Device to make sure you use the vouchers correctly.
To pay through your mobile device, download Notice to taxpayers presenting checks.
the IRS2Go application. When you provide a check as payment, you au-
thorize us either to use information from your
Pay by Cash check to make a one-time electronic fund trans-
fer from your account or to process the payment
Cash is an in-person payment option for individ- as a check transaction. When we use informa-
uals provided through retail partners with a tion from your check to make an electronic fund

Publication 505 (2024) Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024 27

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Worksheets for Chapter 2
Use the following worksheets and tables to figure your correct estimated tax.

IF you need...                                                                                          THEN use...
2024 Tax Rate Schedules                                                                                 2024 Tax Rate Schedules
the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet                                                                        Worksheet 2-1
to estimate your taxable social security and railroad retirement benefits—line 1 of ES Worksheet (or 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-2
Annualized ES Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7))
to estimate your self-employment (SE) tax and your deduction for SE tax—lines 1 and 11 of ES Worksheet 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-3
(lines 1 and 17 of Annualized ES Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7))
to estimate your standard deduction—line 2 of ES Worksheet (line 7 of Annualized ES Worksheet 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-4
(Worksheet 2-7))
to estimate your income tax if line 1 of your ES Worksheet includes a net capital gain or qualified 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-5
dividends—line 4 of ES Worksheet
to estimate your income tax if you expect to claim a foreign earned income exclusion or foreign housing 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-6
exclusion or deduction on Form 2555—line 4 of ES Worksheet
the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Annualized ES Worksheet)                                   Worksheet 2-7
to estimate your income tax if line 1 of your Annualized ES Worksheet includes a net capital gain or 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-8
qualified dividends—line 10 of Annualized ES Worksheet
to estimate your income tax if you expect to claim a foreign earned income exclusion or foreign housing 
                                                                                                        Worksheet 2-9
exclusion or deduction on Form 2555—line 10 of Annualized ES Worksheet
to refigure (amend) your estimated tax during the year                                                  Worksheet 2-10

28                                      Chapter 2          Estimated Tax for 2024                       Publication 505 (2024)

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                                                2024 Tax Rate Schedules

CAUTION!
         Don’t use these Tax Rate Schedules to figure your 2023 taxes. Use them only to figure your 2024 estimated 
taxes.

Schedule X—Use if your 2024 filing status is                       Schedule Z— Use if your 2024 filing status is
Single                                                             Head of household
If line 3 is:                           The tax is:                 If line 3 is:                The tax is:
                                                           of the                                                        of the
               But not                                     amount                  But not                               amount 
Over—          over—                                       over—   Over—           over—                                 over—
        $0     $11,600                       10%           $0            $0        $16,550       10%                     $0
11,600         47,150       $1,160.00 +      12%           11,600  16,550          63,100      $1,655.00 + 12%           16,550
47,150         100,525      5,426.00  +      22%           47,150  63,100          100,500     7,241.00 + 22%            63,100
100,525        191,950      17,168.50 +      24%           100,525 100,500         191,950     15,469.00 + 24%           100,500
191,950        243,725      39,110.50 +      32%           191,950 191,950         243,700     37,417.00 + 32%           191,950
243,725        609,350      55,678.50 +      35%           243,725 243,700         609,350     53,977.00 + 35%           243,700
609,350        - - - - - - 183,647.25 +      37%           609,350 609,350         - - - - - - 181,954.50 + 37%          609,350
Schedule Y-1— Use if your 2024 filing status is                    Schedule Y-2— Use if your 2024 filing status is
Married filing jointly or Qualifying surviving spouse              Married filing separately
If line 3 is:                           The tax is:                 If line 3 is:                The tax is:
                                                           of the                                                        of the
               But not                                     amount                  But not                               amount 
Over—          over—                                       over—   Over—           over—                                 over—
        $0     $23,200                       10%           $0            $0        $11,600       10%                     $0
23,200         94,300       $2,320.00 + 12%                23,200  11,600          47,150      $1,160.00 + 12%           11,600
94,300         201,050      10,852.00 + 22%                94,300  47,150          100,525     5,426.00 + 22%            47,150
201,050        383,900      34,337.00 + 24%                201,050 100,525         191,950     17,168.50 + 24%           100,525
383,900        487,450      78,221.00 + 32%                383,900 191,950         243,725     39,110.50 + 32%           191,950
487,450        731,200     111,357.00 + 35%                487,450 243,725         365,600     55,678.50 + 35%           243,725
731,200        - - - - - - 196,669.50 + 37%                731,200 365,600         - - - - - - 98,334.75 + 37%           365,600

Publication 505 (2024)                           Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024                                        29

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Worksheet 2-1. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet                                                                                                  Keep for Your Records

CAUTION!
         When this worksheet refers you to instructions, you can find those instructions in the 2024 Form 1040-ES.

   1. Adjusted gross income you expect in 2024 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             1.
2a.  Deductions 
      •  If you plan to itemize deductions, enter the estimated total of your itemized deductions.
      •  If you don’t plan to itemize deductions, enter your standard deduction (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                        2a.
   b. If you can take the qualified business income deduction, enter the estimated amount of the deduction . . . . . . . . . .                                                2b.
   c. Add lines 2a and 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         2c.
   3. Subtract line 2c from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          3.
   4. Tax. Figure your tax on the amount on line 3 by using the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules.
      Caution: If you will have qualified dividends or a net capital gain, or expect to exclude or deduct foreign earned 
      income or housing, see Worksheets 2-5 and 2-6 to figure the tax  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                              4.
   5. Alternative minimum tax from Form 6251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      5.
   6. Add lines 4 and 5. Add to this amount any other taxes you expect to include in the total on Form 1040 or 1040-SR, 
      line 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
   7. Credits (see instructions). Don’t include any income tax withholding on this line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                   7.
   8. Subtract line 7 from line 6. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 8.
   9. Self-employment tax (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  9.
10. Other taxes including, if applicable, Additional Medicare Tax and/or NIIT (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                          10.
11a. Add lines 8 through 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           11a.
   b. Earned income credit, additional child tax credit, fuel tax credit, net premium tax credit, refundable American 
      opportunity credit, and section 1341 credit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  11b.
   c. Total 2024 estimated tax. Subtract line 11b from line 11a. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                ▶                                11c.
12a. Multiply line 11c by 90% (0.90) (66 / % (0.6667) for farmers and fishers) . . . . .2 3                    12a.
   b. Required annual payment based on prior year's tax (see instructions) . . . . . . .                       12b.
   c. Required annual payment to avoid a penalty. Enter the smaller of line 12a or 12b                         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶                                12c.
      Caution: Generally, if you don’t prepay (through income tax withholding and estimated tax payments) at least the 
      amount on line 12c, you may owe a penalty for not paying enough estimated tax. To avoid a penalty, make sure your 
      estimate on line 11c is as accurate as possible. Even if you pay the required annual payment, you may still owe tax 
      when you file your return. If you prefer, you can pay the amount shown on line 11c.
13. Income tax withheld and estimated to be withheld during 2024 (including income tax withholding on pensions, 
      annuities, certain deferred income and Additional Medicare Tax withholding.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                    13.
14a. Subtract line 13 from line 12c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14a.
      Is the result zero or less?
       Yes. Stop here. You are not required to make estimated tax payments.
       No. Go to line 14b.
   b. Subtract line 13 from line 11c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14b.
      Is the result less than $1,000?
       Yes. Stop here. You are not required to make estimated tax payments.
       No. Go to line 15 to figure your required payment.
15. If the first payment you are required to make is due April 15, 2024, enter ¼ of line 14a (minus any 2023 overpayment 
      that you are applying to this installment) here, and on your estimated tax payment voucher(s) if you are paying by 
      check or money order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            15.

30                                              Chapter 2       Estimated Tax for 2024                                                                                        Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 2-2. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 1
              Estimated Taxable Social Security and Railroad Retirement 
              Benefits                                                                                                                           Keep for Your Records

Note. If you are using this worksheet to estimate your taxable social security or railroad retirement benefits for Worksheet 2-7, 2024 
Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet, multiply the expected amount of benefits for each period by the annualization amount shown on 
Worksheet 2-7, line 2, for the same period before entering it on line 1 below. 

1. Enter your expected social security and railroad retirement benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                      1.                        
2. Enter one-half of line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            2.                        
3. Enter your expected total income. Don’t include any social security and railroad 
     retirement benefits, nontaxable interest income, nontaxable IRA distributions, or 
     nontaxable pension distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  3.                        
4. Enter your expected nontaxable interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                              4.                        
5. Enter (as a positive amount) the total of any expected exclusions or deductions for:
     • U.S. savings bond interest used for higher education expenses (Form 8815)
     • Employer-provided adoption benefits (Form 8839)
     • Foreign earned income or housing (Form 2555)
     • Income by bona fide residents of American Samoa (Form 4563) or Puerto 
       Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      5.                        
6. Add lines 2, 3, 4, and 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            6.                        
7. Enter your expected adjustments to income. Don’t include any student loan 
     interest deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          7.                        
8. Subtract line 7 from line 6. If zero or less, stop here. 
     Note. Don’t include any social security or railroad retirement benefits in the amount on 
     line 1 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or Annualized Estimated 
     Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    8.                        
9. Enter $25,000 ($32,000 if you expect to file married filing jointly; $0 if you expect to file 
     married filing separately and expect to live with your spouse at any time during the 
     year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.                        
10. Subtract line 9 from line 8. If zero or less, stop here. 
     Note. Don’t include any social security or railroad retirement benefits in the amount on 
     line 1 of your Worksheet 2-1 (or Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 
     2-7)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.                       
11. Enter $9,000 ($12,000 if you expect to file married filing jointly; $0 if you expect to file 
     married filing separately and expect to live with your spouse at any time during the 
     year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.                       
12. Subtract line 11 from line 10. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          12.                       
13. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    13.                       
14. Enter one-half of line 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            14.                       
15. Enter the smaller of line 2 or line 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   15.                       
16. Multiply line 12 by 85% (0.85). If line 12 is zero, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            16.                       
17. Add lines 15 and 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            17.                       
18. Multiply line 1 by 85% (0.85) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                18.                       
19. Enter the smaller of line 17 or line 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    19.                       
20. Expected taxable social security and railroad retirement benefits for the period. 
     Divide line 19 by the annualization amount shown on Worksheet 2-7, line 2, for the same 
     period and enter here. Include this amount in the total on line 1 of your 2024 Estimated 
     Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 
     2-7)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.

Publication 505 (2024)                                Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024                                                                                31

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Worksheet 2-3. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Lines 1 and 9
                 Estimated Self-Employment Tax and Deduction Worksheet                                                                Keep for Your Records

1 a. Enter your expected income and profits subject to self-employment 
       tax* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1a.                               .
    b. If you will have farm income and also receive social security retirement or 
       disability benefits, enter your expected Conservation Reserve Program 
       payments that will be included on Schedule F (Form 1040) or listed on 
       Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1b.                           
2.     Subtract line 1b from line 1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              2.                            
3.     Multiply line 2 by 92.35% (0.9235). If less than $400, don’t complete this 
       worksheet; you won’t owe self-employment tax on your expected net 
       earnings from self-employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    3.                            
4.     Multiply line 3 by 2.9% (0.029) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4.   
5.     Maximum income subject to social security tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            5.  $168,600
6.     Enter your expected wages (if subject to social security tax or the 
       6.2% portion of tier 1 railroad retirement tax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      6.                            
7.     Subtract line 6 from line 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            7.                            
       Note. If line 7 is zero or less, enter -0- on line 9 and skip to line 10.
8.     Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  8.                            
9.     Multiply line 8 by 12.4% (0.124) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9.   
10.    Add line 4 and line 9. Enter the result here and on line 9 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 
       (Worksheet 2-1) (or line 15 of the Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) . . . . . . . . . .                                       10.  
11.    Multiply line 10 by 50% (0.50). This is your expected deduction for self-employment tax on Schedule 1 
       (Form 1040), line 15. Subtract this amount when figuring your AGI on line 1 of your 2024 Estimated 
       Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7)) . . . . . . . .                                            11.

*Net profit from self-employment is found on Schedule C, Schedule F, and Schedule K-1 (Form 1065).

32                      Chapter 2                             Estimated Tax for 2024                                                                        Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 2-4. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 2
               Standard Deduction Worksheet                                                                                          Keep for Your Records

Caution. Don’t complete this worksheet if you expect your spouse to itemize on a separate return or you expect to be a dual-status alien. In 
either case, your standard deduction will be zero.
1. Enter the amount shown below for your filing status.
• Single or married filing separately—$14,600
• Married filing jointly or Qualifying surviving spouse—$29,200
• Head of household—$21,900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         1.                                           
2. Can you (or your spouse if filing jointly) be claimed as a dependent on someone else's 
return?
   No.         Skip line 3; enter the amount from line 1 on line 4.

   Yes.        Go to line 3.

3. Is your earned income* more than $850?
   Yes.        Add $450 to your earned income. Enter the total.

   No.         Enter $1,300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.                                           

4. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               4.  
5. Were you (or your spouse if filing jointly) born before January 2, 1960, or blind?
   No.         Go to line 6.

   Yes.        Check if:

               a. You were    Born before January 2, 1960           Blind
               b. Your spouse was  Born before January 2, 1960            Blind
               c. Total boxes checked in 5a and 5b 
           ▶ Multiply $1,550 ($1,950 if single or head of household) by the number in the box on line 5c . . . . . . . .                                                       5.  

6. Standard deduction. Add lines 4 and 5. Enter the result here and on line 2 of your 2024 Estimated Tax 
Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or line 7 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 
2-7)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6.

* Earned income includes wages, salaries, tips, professional fees, and other compensation received for personal services you performed. It also includes taxable scholarships and 
fellowship grants. Reduce your earned income by your allowed deduction for self-employment tax (Worksheet 2-3, line 11).

Publication 505 (2024)                            Chapter 2        Estimated Tax for 2024                                                                                         33

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Worksheet 2-5. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 4
                   Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet
                                                                                                                                              Keep for Your Records
                                                                                                                                                                              
   1. Enter the amount from the appropriate worksheet.
       •  Line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet.
       •  Line 3 of Worksheet 2-6 (use if you will exclude or deduct foreign earned 
          income or housing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     1.                           
   2. Enter your qualified dividends expected for 1                             2.                           
      2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
   3. Enter your net capital gain expected for 20241  . . . . . .               3.                           
   4. Add lines 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4.                           
   5. Enter your 28% rate gain or loss expected for 2                           5.                           
      2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
   6. Enter your unrecaptured section 1250 gain expected for 
      2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6.                           
   7. Add lines 5 and 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     7.                           
   8. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        8.                           
   9. Subtract line 8 from line 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    9.                           
10. Subtract line 9 from line 1. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            10.                          
11.  Enter the smaller of line 1 or $94,050 ($47,025 if single 
      or married filing separately, or $63,000 if head of 
      household) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    11.                          
12.  Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 11     . . . . . . . . . . .          12.                          
13 a. Subtract line 4 from line 1. If zero or less, 
      enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13a.                         
      b. Enter the smaller of line 1 or:
       •  $191,950 if single or married filing separately;
       •  $191,950 if head of household; or 
       •  $383,900 if married filing jointly or qualifying 
          surviving spouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          b.                           
      c. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 13b . . . . . . . . .             c.                           
14. Enter the larger of line 13a or 13c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     14.                           
      Note. If line 11 and line 12 are the same, skip line 15 and go to line 16.
15. Subtract line 12 from line 11. This is the amount taxed at 0% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               15.                           
      Note. If lines 1 and 11 are the same, skip lines 16 through 36 and go to line 37.
16. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 9   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        16.                          
17. Enter the amount from line 15. If line 15 is blank, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                17.                          
18. Subtract line 17 from line 16. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              18.                          
19. Enter:
       •  $518,900 if single,
       •  $291,850 if married filing separately,
       •  $583,750 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse, or
       •  $551,350 if head of household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          19.                          
20. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         20.                          
21. Add lines 14 and 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         21.                          
22. Subtract line 21 from line 20. If zero or less, 
      enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.                          
23. Enter the smaller of line 18 or line 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     23.                           
24. Multiply line 23 by 15% (0.15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   24.  
25. Add lines 17 and 23. If line 1 equals the sum of lines 21 and 23, skip lines 26 
      through 36 and go to line 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       25.                          
26. Subtract line 25 from line 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   26.                           
27. Multiply line 26 by 20% (0.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27.  
28. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 6   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        28.                          
29. Add lines 4 and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        29.                          
30. Enter the amount from line 1 above      . . . . . . . . . . . . .           30.                          
31. Subtract line 30 from line 29. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              31.                          
32. Subtract line 31 from line 28. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         32.                           
33. Multiply line 32 by 25% (0.25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33.  
      Note. If line 5 is zero or blank, skip lines 34 through 36 and go to line 37.
34. Add lines 14, 15, 23, 26, and 32    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   34.                           
35. Subtract line 34 from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35.                           

34                                                                            Chapter 2 Estimated Tax for 2024                                                           Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 2-5. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 4
Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet (Continued)                                                 Keep for Your Records
 36. Multiply line 35 by 28% (0.28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.  
 37. Figure the tax on the amount on line 14 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                     37.  
 38. Add lines 24, 27, 33, 36, and 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   38.
 39. Figure the tax on the amount on line 1 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    39.  
 40. Tax on all taxable income (including capital gains and qualified dividends). Enter the smaller of line 38 
     or line 39 here and on line 4 of the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) (or line 4 of Worksheet 2-6) . . . . . . . . .                                 40.
1 If you expect to deduct investment interest expense, don’t include on this line any qualified dividends or net capital gain that you will elect to treat as 
investment income. 
2 This includes a section 1202 exclusion from eligible gain on qualified small business stock and gain or loss from the sale or exchange of collectibles. See the 
Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040) for more information.

Worksheet 2-6. 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 4
              Foreign Earned Income Tax Worksheet                                                              Keep for Your Records

Before you begin:   If line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) is zero, don’t complete this worksheet.
 1. Enter the amount from line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet (Worksheet 2-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                               1.   
 2. Enter the total foreign earned income and housing amount you (and your spouse if filing jointly) expect to 
     exclude or deduct in 2024 on Form 2555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   2.   
 3. Add lines 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     3.   
 4. Tax on the amount on line 3. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules or Worksheet 2-5,* as appropriate . . . . .                                                          4.   
 5. Tax on the amount on line 2. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                      5.   
 6. Subtract line 5 from line 4. Enter the result here and on line 4 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 
     (Worksheet 2-1). If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              6.

     *If using Worksheet 2-5 (Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet), enter the amount from line 3 above on line 1 of 
     Worksheet 2-5. Complete Worksheet 2-5 through line 9. Next, determine if you have a capital gain excess.
     Figuring capital gain excess. To find out if you have a capital gain excess, subtract line 3 of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 
     (Worksheet 2-1) from line 9 of Worksheet 2-5. If the result is more than zero, that amount is your capital gain excess.
     Make these modifications only for purposes of filling out Worksheet 2-6.
     a. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 3 of Worksheet 2-5 by your capital 
     gain excess.
     b. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 2 of Worksheet 2-5 by any of your 
     capital gain excess not used in (a) above.
     c. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 5 of Worksheet 2-5 by your capital 
     gain excess.
     d. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 6 of Worksheet 2-5 by your capital 
     gain excess.

Publication 505 (2024)                         Chapter 2     Estimated Tax for 2024                                                                                       35

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Worksheet 2-7.      2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet                                                                          Keep for Your Records
Note. For instructions, see Annualized Income Installment Method, earlier.

Before you begin: Complete the 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet—Worksheet 2-1. 
Section A (For Figuring Your Annualized Estimated Tax Payments)—Complete each column after end of period shown.
Estates and trusts: See Form 1041-ES and Form 2210 for more information.                                          (a)            (b) (c)                       (d)
                                                                                                                  1/1/24–3/31/24 1/1/24–5/31/24 1/1/24–8/31/24 1/1/24–
                                                                                                                                                               12/31/24
 1. Adjusted gross income (AGI) for each period (see instructions). Complete 
    Section B first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     1.
 2. Annualization amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             2.  4              2.4 1.5                       1
 3. Annualized income. Multiply line 1 by line 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                3.
 4. If you itemize, enter itemized deductions for period shown in the column 
    headings (see instructions). If you take the deduction for qualified business 
    income, add it to your itemized deductions. All others, enter -0- and skip to 
    line 7  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
 5. Annualization amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           5.  4              2.4 1.5                       1
 6. Multiply line 4 by line 5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      6.
 7. Standard deduction from Worksheet 2-4 (see instructions)  . . . . . . . . . . . .                         7.
 8. Enter the larger of line 6 or line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          8.
 9. Deduction for qualified business income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 9.
10. Add lines 8 and 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       10.
11. Subtract line 10 from line 3. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                11.
12. Figure your tax on the amount on line 11 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . .                       12.
13. For each period, enter any tax from Forms 8814, 4972, and 6251. Also, 
    include any recapture of education credits (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . .                       13.
14. Add lines 12 and 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         14.
15. Enter nonrefundable credits for each period (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . .                        15.
16. Subtract line 15 from line 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           16.
17. Self-employment tax from line 41 of Section B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   17.
18. Enter other taxes for each period, including, if applicable, Additional Medicare 
    Tax and/or NIIT (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              18.
19. Total tax. Add lines 16, 17, and 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             19.
20. Enter refundable credits for each period (see instructions for type of credits 
    allowed). Don’t include any income tax withholding on this line . . . . . . . . .                         20.
21. Subtract line 20 from line 19. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 21.
22. Applicable percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           22. 22.5%          45% 67.5%                     90%
23. Multiply line 21 by line 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         23.
    Complete lines 24 through 29 of one column before going to line 24 of 
    the next column.
24. Enter the total of the amounts in all previous columns of line 29 . . . . . . . . .                       24.
25. Annualized income installment. Subtract line 24 from line 23. If zero or less, 
    enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   25.
26. Enter 25% (0.25) of line 12c of your 2024 Estimated Tax Worksheet 
    (Worksheet 2-1) in each column     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            26.
27. Subtract line 29 of the previous column from line 28 of that column . . . . . . .                         27.
28. Add lines 26 and 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         28.
29. Enter the smaller of line 25 or line 28 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    29.
30. Total required payments for the period. Add lines 24 and 29 . . . . . . . . . . .                         30.
31. Estimated tax payments made (line 32 of all previous columns) plus tax 
    withholding through the due date for the period (see instructions) . . . . . . . .                        31.
32. Estimated tax payment required by the next due date. Subtract line 31 from 
    line 30 and enter the result (but not less than zero) here and on your payment 
    voucher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     32.

36                                     Chapter 2                Estimated Tax for 2024                                               Publication 505 (2024)

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Worksheet 2-7. 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (Continued)                                                                  Keep for Your Records

Section B (For Figuring Your Annualized Estimated Self-Employment Tax)—Complete each column after end of period shown.
               (Form 1040 or 1040-SR filers only)                                                 (a)                (b)            (c)            (d)
                                                                                                  1/1/24–3/31/24     1/1/24–5/31/24 1/1/24–8/31/24 1/1/24–12/31/24
 33. Net earnings from self-employment for the period . . . . . . . . . .                     33.
 34. Prorated social security tax limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         34. $42,150            $70,250        $112,400       $168,600
 35. Enter actual wages for the period subject to social security tax or 
     the 6.2% portion of the tier 1 railroad retirement tax. 
     Exception: If you file Form 4137 or Form 8919, see 
     instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   35.
 36. Subtract line 35 from line 34. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . .                36.
 37. Annualization amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          37. 0.496              0.2976         0.186          0.124
 38. Multiply line 37 by the smaller of line 33 or line 36 . . . . . . . . . .                38.
 39. Annualization amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          39. 0.116              0.0696         0.0435         0.029
 40. Multiply line 33 by line 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        40.
 41. Add lines 38 and 40. Enter the result here and on line 17 of 
     Section A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    41.
 42. Annualization amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          42. 8                  4.8            3              2
 43. Deduction for self-employment tax. Divide line 41 by line 42. 
     Enter the result here. Use this result to figure your AGI on 
     line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.

Publication 505 (2024)                                       Chapter 2                        Estimated Tax for 2024                                       37

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Worksheet 2-8. 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 10
                   Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet                                                                                       Keep for Your Records

Note. To figure the annualized entries for lines 2, 3, 5, and 6 below, multiply the expected amount for the period by the annualization amount on line 2 of 
Worksheet 2-7 for the same period.
   1. Enter the amount from the appropriate worksheet.
      •   Line 11 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet 
          (Worksheet 2-7).
      •   Line 3 of Worksheet 2-9 (use if you will exclude or deduct foreign earned 
          income or housing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         1.                     
   2. Enter your annualized qualified dividends expected for 1                                                             2.    
      2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
   3. Enter your annualized net capital gain expected 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3.    
      for 2024
   4. Add lines 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                      4.                     
   5. Enter your annualized 28% rate gain or loss expected 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.    
      for 2024
   6. Enter your annualized unrecaptured section 1250 gain 
      expected for 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                  6.    
   7. Add lines 5 and 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                7.    
   8. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            8.                     
   9. Subtract line 8 from line 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                        9.                     
10. Subtract line 9 from line 1. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                10.                    
11. Enter the smaller of line 1 or $94,050 ($47,025 if single 
      or married filing separately, or $63,000 if head of 
      household) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                               11.   
12. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 11 . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                        12.   
13. a. Subtract line 4 from line 1. If zero or less, 
      enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                            13a.  
      b. Enter the smaller of line 1 or:
      •   $191,950 if single or married filing separately;
      •   $191,950 if head of household; or 
      •   $383,900 if married filing jointly or qualifying 
          surviving spouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                     b.    
      c. Enter the smaller of line 10 or line 13b . . . . . . . . .                                                        c.    
14. Enter the larger of line 13a or 13c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   14.             
      Note. If line 11 and line 12 are the same, skip line 15 and go to line 16 .
15. Subtract line 12 from line 11. This is the amount taxed at 0% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             15.             
      Note. If lines 1 and 11 are the same, skip lines 16 through 36 and go to line 37.
16. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 9   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            16.                    
17. Enter the amount from line 15. If line 15 is blank, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                    17.                    
18. Subtract line 17 from line 16. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  18.                    
19. Enter:
      •   $518,900 if single,
      •   $291,850 if married filing separately,
      •   $583,750 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse, or
      •   $551,350 if head of household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                              19.                    
20. Enter the smaller of line 1 or line 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             20.                    
21. Add lines 14 and 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                    21.   
22. Subtract line 21 from line 20. If zero or less, 
      enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                            22.   
23. Enter the smaller of line 18 or line 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   23.             
24. Multiply line 23 by 15% (0.15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24.       
25. Add lines 17 and 23. If line 1 equals the sum of lines 21 and 23, skip lines 26 
      through 36 and go to line 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           25.                    
26. Subtract line 25 from line 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 26.             
27. Multiply line 26 by 20% (0.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27.       
28. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 6   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                            28.                    
29. Add lines 4 and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                   29.   
30. Enter the amount from line 1 above      . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                      30.   
31. Subtract line 30 from line 29. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  31.                    
32. Subtract line 31 from line 28. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                       32.             
33. Multiply line 32 by 25% (0.25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33.       
      Note. If line 5 is zero or blank, skip lines 34 through 36 and go to line 37.

38                                                                            Chapter 2                                         Estimated Tax for 2024                 Publication 505 (2024)

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 34. Add lines 14, 15, 23, 26, and 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     34.                                
 35. Subtract line 34 from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.                                
 36. Multiply line 35 by 28% (0.28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      36.     
 37. Figure the tax on the amount on line 14 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          37.     
 38. Add lines 24, 27, 33, 36, and 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        38.     
 39. Figure the tax on the amount on line 1 from the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                         39.     
 40. Tax on all taxable income (including capital gains and qualified dividends). Enter the smaller of line 38 or 
     line 39 here and on line 12 of the appropriate column of the 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet (or line 4 of 
     Worksheet 2-9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40.     
1 If you expect to deduct investment interest expense, don’t include on this line any qualified dividends or net capital gain that you will elect to treat as 
investment income.2 This includes a section 1202 exclusion from eligible gain on qualified small business stock and gain or loss from the sale or exchange of collectibles. See the 
Instructions for Schedule D (Form 1040) for more information.

Worksheet 2-9. 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet—Line 10
                   Foreign Earned Income Tax Worksheet                                                                                        Keep for Your Records

Before you begin:      If line 11 of Worksheet 2-7 (2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet) is zero for the period, don’t complete this 
                       worksheet.
   1. Enter the amount from line 11 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax Worksheet for the period . . . . . .                                                               1.      
   2. Enter the annualized amount  of foreign earned income and housing amount you (and your spouse if *
      filing jointly) expect to exclude or deduct for the period on Form 2555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                          2.      
   3. Add lines 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                3.      
   4. Tax on the amount on line 3. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules or Worksheet 2-8,  as **
      appropriate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            4.      
   5. Tax on the amount on line 2. Use the 2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                 5.      
   6. Subtract line 5 from line 4. Enter the result here and on line 12 of your 2024 Annualized Estimated Tax 
      Worksheet (Worksheet 2-7). If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  6.

 * To figure the annualized amount for line 2, multiply the expected exclusion for the period by the annualization amount 
 on line 2 of Worksheet 2-7 for the same period.
 ** If using Worksheet 2-8 (Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet), enter the amount from line 3 above on 
 line 1 of Worksheet 2-8. Complete Worksheet 2-8 through line 9. Next, determine if you have a capital gain excess.

 Figuring capital gain excess. To find out if you have a capital gain excess for the appropriate period, subtract line 11
 of Worksheet 2-7 from line 9 of Worksheet 2-8. If the result is more than zero, that amount is your capital gain excess.
 No capital gain excess. If you don’t have a capital gain excess, complete the rest of Worksheet 2-8 according to its instructions. Then, 
 complete lines 5 and 6 above.
 Capital gain excess. If you have a capital gain excess, complete a second Worksheet 2-8 as instructed above but in its entirety and with 
 the following additional modifications. Then, complete lines 5 and 6 above.
      Make these modifications only for purposes of filling out Worksheet 2-9.
      a. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 3 of Worksheet 2-8 by your capital gain excess.
      b. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 2 of Worksheet 2-8 by any of your capital gain excess 
      not used in (a) above.
      c. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 5 of Worksheet 2-8 by your capital gain excess.
      d. Reduce (but not below zero) the amount you otherwise would enter on line 6 of Worksheet 2-8 by your capital gain excess.

Publication 505 (2024)                                                                                                                                                           39

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• The Tax Withholding Estimator IRS.gov/ ( services. At the IRS, privacy and security are
W4App) makes it easier for you to estimate our highest priority. We use these tools to share
How To Get Tax Help the federal income tax you want your em- public information with you. Don’t post your so-
ployer to withhold from your paycheck. cial security number (SSN) or other confidential
If you have questions about a tax issue; need This is tax withholding. See how your with- information on social media sites. Always pro-
help preparing your tax return; or want to down- holding affects your refund, take-home pay, tect your identity when using any social net-
load free publications, forms, or instructions, go or tax due. working site.
to IRS.gov to find resources that can help you The following IRS YouTube channels provide
right away. • The First-Time Homebuyer Credit Account
Look-up IRS.gov/HomeBuyer ( ) tool pro- short, informative videos on various tax-related
Preparing and filing your tax return. After vides information on your repayments and topics in English, Spanish, and ASL.
receiving all your wage and earnings state- account balance. • Youtube.com/irsvideos.
ments (Forms W-2, W-2G, 1099-R, 1099-MISC, • The Sales Tax Deduction Calculator • Youtube.com/irsvideosmultilingua.
1099-NEC, etc.); unemployment compensation (IRS.gov/SalesTax) figures the amount you • Youtube.com/irsvideosASL.
statements (by mail or in a digital format) or can claim if you itemize deductions on
other government payment statements (Form Schedule A (Form 1040). Watching IRS videos. The IRS Video portal
(IRSVideos.gov) contains video and audio pre-
1099-G); and interest, dividend, and retirement Getting answers to your tax ques- sentations for individuals, small businesses,
statements from banks and investment firms tions. On IRS.gov, you can get and tax professionals.
(Forms 1099), you have several options to up-to-date information on current
choose from to prepare and file your tax return. events and changes in tax law. Online tax information in other languages.
You can prepare the tax return yourself, see if You can find information on IRS.gov/
you qualify for free tax preparation, or hire a tax • IRS.gov/Help: A variety of tools to help you
professional to prepare your return. get answers to some of the most common MyLanguage if English isn’t your native lan-
tax questions. guage.
Free options for tax preparation. Your op- • IRS.gov/ITA: The Interactive Tax Assistant, Free Over-the-Phone Interpreter (OPI) Serv-
tions for preparing and filing your return online a tool that will ask you questions and, ice. The IRS is committed to serving taxpayers
or in your local community, if you qualify, include based on your input, provide answers on a with limited-English proficiency (LEP) by offer-
the following. number of tax topics. ing OPI services. The OPI Service is a federally
• Free File. This program lets you prepare • IRS.gov/Forms: Find forms, instructions, funded program and is available at Taxpayer
and file your federal individual income tax and publications. You will find details on Assistance Centers (TACs), most IRS offices,
return for free using software or Free File the most recent tax changes and interac- and every VITA/TCE tax return site. The OPI
Fillable Forms. However, state tax prepara- tive links to help you find answers to your Service is accessible in more than 350 lan-
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Go to IRS.gov/FreeFile to see if you qualify • You may also be able to access tax infor-
for free online federal tax preparation, e-fil- mation in your e-filing software. Accessibility Helpline available for taxpay-
ing, and direct deposit or payment options. ers with disabilities. Taxpayers who need in-
• VITA. The Volunteer Income Tax Assis- Need someone to prepare your tax return? formation about accessibility services can call
tance (VITA) program offers free tax help to There are various types of tax return preparers, 833-690-0598. The Accessibility Helpline can
people with low-to-moderate incomes, per- including enrolled agents, certified public ac- answer questions related to current and future
sons with disabilities, and limited-Eng- countants (CPAs), accountants, and many oth- accessibility products and services available in
lish-speaking taxpayers who need help ers who don’t have professional credentials. If alternative media formats (for example, braille,
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IRS.gov/VITA, download the free IRS2Go return, choose that preparer wisely. A paid tax line does not have access to your IRS account.
app, or call 800-906-9887 for information preparer is: For help with tax law, refunds, or account-rela-
on free tax return preparation. • Primarily responsible for the overall sub- ted issues, go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp.
• TCE. The Tax Counseling for the Elderly stantive accuracy of your return,
(TCE) program offers free tax help for all • Required to sign the return, and Note. Form 9000, Alternative Media Prefer-
taxpayers, particularly those who are 60 • Required to include their preparer tax iden- ence, or Form 9000(SP) allows you to elect to
years of age and older. TCE volunteers tification number (PTIN). receive certain types of written correspondence
specialize in answering questions about in the following formats.
pensions and retirement-related issues Although the tax preparer always signs • Standard Print.
unique to seniors. Go to IRS.gov/TCE or ! the return, you're ultimately responsible • Large Print.
download the free IRS2Go app for informa- CAUTION for providing all the information re-
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• MilTax. Members of the U.S. Armed your return and for the accuracy of every item • Audio (MP3).
Forces and qualified veterans may use Mil- reported on the return. Anyone paid to prepare
Tax, a free tax service offered by the De- tax returns for others should have a thorough • Plain Text File (TXT).
partment of Defense through Military One- understanding of tax matters. For more informa- • Braille Ready File (BRF).
Source. For more information, go to tion on how to choose a tax preparer, go to Tips
MilitaryOneSource MilitaryOneSource.mil/ ( for Choosing a Tax Preparer on IRS.gov. Disasters. Go to IRS.gov/DisasterRelief to re-
MilTax). view the available disaster tax relief.
Also, the IRS offers Free Fillable Forms,
which can be completed online and then Employers can register to use Business Getting tax forms and publications. Go to
e-filed regardless of income. Services Online. The Social Security Adminis- IRS.gov/Forms to view, download, or print all
tration (SSA) offers online service at SSA.gov/ the forms, instructions, and publications you
Using online tools to help prepare your re- employer for fast, free, and secure W-2 filing op- may need. Or, you can go to IRS.gov/
turn. Go to IRS.gov/Tools for the following. tions to CPAs, accountants, enrolled agents, OrderForms to place an order.
• The Earned Income Tax Credit Assistant and individuals who process Form W-2, Wage
(IRS.gov/EITCAssistant) determines if and Tax Statement, and Form W-2c, Corrected Getting tax publications and instructions in
you’re eligible for the earned income credit Wage and Tax Statement. eBook format. Download and view most tax
(EIC). publications and instructions (including the In-
• The Online EIN Application IRS.gov/EIN ( ) IRS social media. Go to IRS.gov/SocialMedia structions for Form 1040) on mobile devices as
helps you get an employer identification to see the various social media tools the IRS eBooks at IRS.gov/eBooks.
number (EIN) at no cost. uses to share the latest information on tax
changes, scam alerts, initiatives, products, and
40 Publication 505 (2024)

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IRS eBooks have been tested using Apple's stolen or you suspect you’re a victim of less than the full amount you owe. For
iBooks for iPad. Our eBooks haven’t been tes- tax-related identity theft, you can learn more information on the Offer in Compro-
ted on other dedicated eBook readers, and what steps you should take. mise program, go to IRS.gov/OIC.
eBook functionality may not operate as inten- • Get an Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN). IP
ded. PINs are six-digit numbers assigned to tax- Filing an amended return. Go to IRS.gov/
payers to help prevent the misuse of their Form1040X for information and updates.
Access your online account. Go to IRS.gov/ SSNs on fraudulent federal income tax re-
Account to securely access information about turns. When you have an IP PIN, it pre- Checking the status of your amended re-
your federal tax account. vents someone else from filing a tax return turn. Go to IRS.gov/WMAR to track the status
• View the amount you owe and a break- with your SSN. To learn more, go to of Form 1040-X amended returns.
down by tax year. IRS.gov/IPPIN. It can take up to 3 weeks from the date
• See payment plan details or apply for a ! you filed your amended return for it to
new payment plan. Ways to check on the status of your refund. CAUTION show up in our system, and processing
• Make a payment or view 5 years of pay- • Go to IRS.gov/Refunds. it can take up to 16 weeks.
ment history and any pending or sched- • Download the official IRS2Go app to your
uled payments. mobile device to check your refund status.
• Access your tax records, including key • Call the automated refund hotline at Understanding an IRS notice or letter
data from your most recent tax return, and 800-829-1954. you’ve received. Go to IRS.gov/Notices to find
transcripts. additional information about responding to an
• View digital copies of select notices from The IRS can’t issue refunds before IRS notice or letter.
the IRS. ! mid-February for returns that claimed
• Approve or reject authorization requests CAUTION the EIC or the additional child tax credit Responding to an IRS notice or letter. You
from tax professionals. (ACTC). This applies to the entire refund, not can now upload responses to all notices and
• View your address on file or manage your just the portion associated with these credits. letters using the Document Upload Tool. For no-
communication preferences. tices that require additional action, taxpayers
Making a tax payment. Payments of U.S. tax will be redirected appropriately on IRS.gov to
Get a transcript of your return. With an on- must be remitted to the IRS in U.S. dollars. take further action. To learn more about the tool,
line account, you can access a variety of infor- Digital assets are not accepted. Go to IRS.gov/ go to IRS.gov/Upload.
mation to help you during the filing season. You Payments for information on how to make a pay-
can get a transcript, review your most recently ment using any of the following options. Note. You can use Schedule LEP (Form
filed tax return, and get your adjusted gross in- • IRS Direct Pay: Pay your individual tax bill 1040), Request for Change in Language Prefer-
come. Create or access your online account at or estimated tax payment directly from your ence, to state a preference to receive notices,
IRS.gov/Account. checking or savings account at no cost to letters, or other written communications from
you. the IRS in an alternative language. You may not
Tax Pro Account. This tool lets your tax pro- • Debit Card, Credit Card, or Digital Wallet: immediately receive written communications in
fessional submit an authorization request to ac- Choose an approved payment processor the requested language. The IRS’s commitment
cess your individual taxpayer IRS online ac- to pay online or by phone. to LEP taxpayers is part of a multi-year timeline
count. For more information, go to IRS.gov/ • Electronic Funds Withdrawal: Schedule a that began providing translations in 2023. You
TaxProAccount. payment when filing your federal taxes us- will continue to receive communications, includ-
ing tax return preparation software or ing notices and letters, in English until they are
Using direct deposit. The safest and easiest through a tax professional. translated to your preferred language.
way to receive a tax refund is to e-file and • Electronic Federal Tax Payment System:
choose direct deposit, which securely and elec- Best option for businesses. Enrollment is Contacting your local TAC. Keep in mind,
tronically transfers your refund directly into your required. many questions can be answered on IRS.gov
financial account. Direct deposit also avoids the • Check or Money Order: Mail your payment without visiting a TAC. Go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp
possibility that your check could be lost, stolen, to the address listed on the notice or in- for the topics people ask about most. If you still
destroyed, or returned undeliverable to the IRS. structions. need help, TACs provide tax help when a tax is-
Eight in 10 taxpayers use direct deposit to re- • Cash: You may be able to pay your taxes sue can’t be handled online or by phone. All
ceive their refunds. If you don’t have a bank ac- with cash at a participating retail store. TACs now provide service by appointment, so
count, go to IRS.gov/DirectDeposit for more in- • Same-Day Wire: You may be able to do you’ll know in advance that you can get the
formation on where to find a bank or credit same-day wire from your financial institu- service you need without long wait times. Be-
union that can open an account online. tion. Contact your financial institution for fore you visit, go to IRS.gov/TACLocator to find
availability, cost, and time frames. the nearest TAC and to check hours, available
Reporting and resolving your tax-related services, and appointment options. Or, on the
identity theft issues. Note. The IRS uses the latest encryption IRS2Go app, under the Stay Connected tab,
• Tax-related identity theft happens when technology to ensure that the electronic pay- choose the Contact Us option and click on “Lo-
someone steals your personal information ments you make online, by phone, or from a cal Offices.”
to commit tax fraud. Your taxes can be af- mobile device using the IRS2Go app are safe
fected if your SSN is used to file a fraudu- and secure. Paying electronically is quick, easy, The Taxpayer Advocate
lent return or to claim a refund or credit. and faster than mailing in a check or money or-
• The IRS doesn’t initiate contact with tax- der. Service (TAS) Is Here To
payers by email, text messages (including Help You
shortened links), telephone calls, or social What if I can’t pay now? Go to IRS.gov/ What Is TAS?
media channels to request or verify per- Payments for more information about your op-
sonal or financial information. This includes tions. TAS is an independent organization within the
requests for personal identification num- • Apply for an online payment agreement IRS that helps taxpayers and protects taxpayer
bers (PINs), passwords, or similar informa- (IRS.gov/OPA) to meet your tax obligation rights. TAS strives to ensure that every taxpayer
tion for credit cards, banks, or other finan- in monthly installments if you can’t pay is treated fairly and that you know and under-
cial accounts. your taxes in full today. Once you complete stand your rights under the Taxpayer Bill of
• Go to IRS.gov/IdentityTheft, the IRS Iden- the online process, you will receive imme- Rights.
tity Theft Central webpage, for information diate notification of whether your agree-
on identity theft and data security protec- ment has been approved.
tion for taxpayers, tax professionals, and • Use the Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier
businesses. If your SSN has been lost or to see if you can settle your tax debt for

Publication 505 (2024) 41

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How Can You Learn About Your How Can You Reach TAS? Low Income Taxpayer Clinics
Taxpayer Rights? (LITCs)
TAS has offices in every state, the District of
The Taxpayer Bill of Rights describes 10 basic Columbia, and Puerto Rico. To find your advo- LITCs are independent from the IRS and TAS.
rights that all taxpayers have when dealing with cate’s number: LITCs represent individuals whose income is
the IRS. Go to TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov to • Go to TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/Contact- below a certain level and who need to resolve
help you understand what these rights mean to Us; tax problems with the IRS. LITCs can represent
you and how they apply. These are your rights. • Download Pub. 1546, The Taxpayer Advo- taxpayers in audits, appeals, and tax collection
Know them. Use them. cate Service Is Your Voice at the IRS, avail- disputes before the IRS and in court. In addi-
able at IRS.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1546.pdf; tion, LITCs can provide information about tax-
What Can TAS Do for You? • Call the IRS toll free at 800-TAX-FORM payer rights and responsibilities in different lan-
(800-829-3676) to order a copy of Pub. guages for individuals who speak English as a
TAS can help you resolve problems that you 1546; second language. Services are offered for free
can’t resolve with the IRS. And their service is • Check your local directory; or or a small fee. For more information or to find an
free. If you qualify for their assistance, you will • Call TAS toll free at 877-777-4778. LITC near you, go to the LITC page at
be assigned to one advocate who will work with TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/LITC or see IRS
you throughout the process and will do every- How Else Does TAS Help Pub. 4134, Low Income Taxpayer Clinic List, at
thing possible to resolve your issue. TAS can Taxpayers? IRS.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4134.pdf.
help you if:
• Your problem is causing financial difficulty TAS works to resolve large-scale problems that
for you, your family, or your business; affect many taxpayers. If you know of one of
• You face (or your business is facing) an im- these broad issues, report it to TAS at IRS.gov/
mediate threat of adverse action; or SAMS. Be sure to not include any personal tax-
• You’ve tried repeatedly to contact the IRS payer information.
but no one has responded, or the IRS
hasn’t responded by the date promised.

42 Publication 505 (2024)

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                      To help us develop a more useful index, please let us know if you have ideas for index entries.
Index                 See “Comments and Suggestions” in the “Introduction” for the ways you can reach us.
 
                                       Tips 8                                Fiscal years  24
A                                      Withholding rules 6                   Gross income   21               N
Additional Medicare Tax  22 25,      Estates:                                Joint returns 21                Net investment income tax   22, 
Address change   27                    Estimated tax 21                      Required annual payment     23   25
Adjustments to income:               Estimated tax:                          Withholding for farmworkers   3 NIIT 22 25, 
  Estimated tax 21                     Adjustments to income    21         Figures:                          Noncitizens:
AGI:                                   Aliens 21 26,                         Tables and figures (See Tables   Estimated tax 21
  Expected AGI  21                     Amended tax   24                         and figures)                 Nonqualified deferred 
Alaska Native Corporations   11        Annualized income installment       Fiscal years:                      compensation     9
                                       method     25                         Estimated tax 23                Nonresident aliens:
Aliens:                                Change in amount   24                 Farmers and fishers  24          Estimated tax 21 26, 
  Nonresident aliens  21               Change of address   27              Fishers:                           Individual taxpayer identification 
Annualized estimated tax               Crediting of overpayment   26         Estimated tax 20 23 24, ,            numbers (ITINs)  11
  worksheets   36 37, 
  Annualized - Capital gains 38        Estates and trusts 21                 Fiscal years  24
  Annualized - Foreign Earned          Expected AGI  21                      Gross income   21               O
     Income  39                        Expected taxable income    21         Joint returns 21
  Annualized - Qualified               Expected taxes and credits   22       Required annual payment     23  Overpayment:
     dividends 38                      Farmers and fishers   21 23 24, ,   Form 1040-ES    19 26,             Crediting to estimated tax 26
Annualized income installment          Fiscal year taxpayers 23            Form 1040-ES (NR)    21
  method   25                          Higher income individuals  22       Form 1041-ES    21                P
Annuities 9                            How to figure 21 24,                Form 1099 series   11             Part-year method of 
Assistance (See Tax help)              How to pay 26                       Form W-2G   10                     withholding   6
                                       Instructions for Worksheet 2-7,     Form W-4 worksheets:              Patronage dividends:
B                                      annualized estimated tax      25      Tax withholding estimator   6    Backup withholding   11
                                       Itemized deductions   21            Form W-4, Employee's Allowance  Payment vouchers     27
Backup withholding   11 12,            Married taxpayers  20                 Withholding Certificate     3   Penalties:
                                       Net capital gain 22 25,             Form W-4P   9                      Backup withholding   12
C                                      No standard deduction    22         Form W-4S   9                      Willfully false or fraudulent Form 
Capital gains and losses:              Nonresident aliens  26              Form W-4V   10                         W-4   8
  Annualized estimated tax  25         Overpayment   26                    Form W-7  11                       Withholding allowances   8
  Estimated tax on net capital         Payment vouchers   27               Form W-9  11                      Pensions  9
     gain 22                           Payments not required   26          Fraud:                             New job    3
  Qualified dividends 25               Regular installment method    24      Form W-4 statements    8         Rollovers  10
Change of address   27                 Required annual payment    22       Fringe benefits 8 9,               Wages and salaries withholding 
Commodity credit corporation           Self-employment income     25                                              rules compared   9
  loans  11                            Sick pay 9                          G                                 Publications (See Tax help)

Compensation   3                       Standard deduction   22 25,         Gross income    21                R
  Independent contractors, backup      Total estimated tax payments  23      Farming 21
     withholding 11                    Types of taxes included  19           Fishing 21                      Railroad retirement benefits:
  Supplemental wages   8               Underpayment penalty     24                                            Choosing to withhold   11
  Tips  8                              When to pay   23                                                      Regular installment method, 
  Wages and salaries  3                When to start payments    23        H                                  estimated tax   24
Crediting of overpayment   26          Who does not have to pay   19       Higher income individuals:        Reimbursements    8
Credits:                               Who must pay  20                      Required annual payment     22   Excess   8
  Expected taxes and credits   22    Estimated tax worksheets     28 30, , Household workers    3            Reporting:
Criminal penalties:                    31                                                                     Fringe benefits 9
  Willfully false or fraudulent Form   2019 annualized estimated tax       I                                  Gambling winnings    10
     W-4  8                            worksheet     36                                                       Tips to employer  8
Crop insurance payments     11         Amended estimated tax,              Individual retirement 
Cumulative wage method of              illustrated (Worksheet                arrangements (IRAs)    9        Required annual payment     22 23, 
  withholding  6                       2-10)    24                         (See also Pensions)               Retirement plans
                                       Capital gains 34                    (See also Retirement plans)        Pension plans  9
D                                      Capital gains, tax on 22            Interest income:                   Pensions   9
Dividends:                             Foreign earned income    35           Backup withholding   11          Rollovers  10
  Backup withholding  11               Form 1040-ES  30                      Underreported   11              Rollovers 10
  Underreported  11                    Qualified dividends 34              Itemized deductions:              Royalties:
Domestic help  3                       Railroad retirement benefits  31      Estimated tax, expected taxable  Backup withholding   11
                                                                                income   21
  Definition 3                         Self-employment tax   32              Exemption from withholding    7 S
  Withholding  3                       Social security benefits 31
                                       Standard deduction   33                                               Salaries 3
                                     Exemption from withholding      6     J
                                                                                                             Saturday, Sunday, holiday 
E                                      Claiming 7                          Joint returns:                     rule 23
Eligible rollover distributions 10     Good for only one year   8            Farmers and fishers  21         Self-employment tax   25
Employee business expenses:            Itemized deductions   7                                               Sick pay  9
  Accountable plans  8                 Students 6                          M                                 Social security benefits:
  Nonaccountable plans   8           Expenses:                             Married taxpayers:                 Choosing to withhold   11
  Reimbursements    8                  Allowances 8                          Estimated tax 20                Social security taxes:
Employer Identification Numbers                                            Military retirement pay  3 9,      Taxpayer identification numbers 
  (EINs)  11                         F                                     Missing children, photographs          (TINs)  11
Employers:                                                                   of 2                             Withholding obligation  2
  Repaying withheld tax  6           Farmers:                                                                Standard deduction   22 25, 
                                       Estimated tax 20 23 24, , 
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Students 6                      Unemployment                 Getting right amount of tax      Annualized - Qualified dividends 
Supplemental wages     8        compensation    10 11,       withheld      5 6,               (Worksheet 2-8)            38
                                                             Household workers   3            Annualized estimated tax 
T                               W                            Nonperiodic payments    9        (Worksheet 2-7)            36 37, 
Tables and figures:             Wages and salaries 3         Part-year method   6             Capital gains tax worksheet:
  Do you have to pay estimated  Withholding                  Penalties   8                    Worksheet 2-5 34
     tax? (Figure 2-A) 20       Amount of tax withheld, Form Pensions    9                    Dependents (age 65 or older or 
  Due dates, estimated tax        W-4 3                      Periodic payments   9            blind) exemption from 
     (Table 2-1) 24             Annuities 9                  Railroad retirement benefits 11  withholding (Worksheet 
                                                                                              1-2) 13
  Exemption from withholding on Backup withholding  11       Repaying withheld tax   6        Estimated tax worksheets 
     Form W-4 (Figure 1-A)  7   Changing    3                Rollovers   10                   (Worksheet 2-1)            30
  Worksheets, where to find 28  Checking amount of  4        Salaries and wages   3           Foreign earned income 
Tax help 40                     Choosing not to withhold 10  Sick pay    9                    (Worksheet 2-6)            35
Tax Rate Schedules  29          Cumulative wage method   6   Social security (FICA) tax 2 11, Qualified dividends:
Tax withholding estimator  6    Domestic help   3            Tips 8                           Worksheet 2-5 34
Taxpayer identification numbers Employers' rules  6          Types of income    2 3,          Railroad retirement benefits 
  (TINs) 11                     Estimated tax 23             Unemployment                     (Worksheet 2-2)            31
Tips 8                          Exemption from  6            compensation       10            Self-employment tax and 
Total income 21                 Farmworkers   3              Worksheets (blank):              deduction (Worksheet 
                                Form W-2G   10               Annualized - Capital gains       2-3) 32
                                                             (Worksheet 2-8)     38           Social security benefits 
U                               Form W-4    3                Annualized - Foreign Earned      (Worksheet 2-2)            31
Underpayment penalty:           Fringe benefits 8            Income (Worksheet 2-9)       39  Standard deduction (Worksheet 
  Amended estimated tax   24    Gambling winnings   10                                        2-4) 33

44                                                                                                 Publication 505 (2024)

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