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           Department of the Treasury                         Contents
           Internal Revenue Service
                                                              What's New. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2
                                                              Reminders    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Publication 3
Cat. No. 46072M                                               Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
                                                              Gross Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     5
                                                              Servicemembers’ Government Pay Included 
Armed Forces'                                                 in Gross Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              5
                                                              Servicemembers’ Government Pay Items 
                                                              Excluded From Gross Income                      . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
Tax Guide                                                     Income Items of Special Interest                . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
                                                              Foreign Source Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              9
For use in preparing                                          Community Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             9
                                                              Domicile      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    10
2023 Returns                                                  Nevada, Washington, and California 
                                                              Domestic Partners               . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    10
                                                              Form W-2      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    10
                                                              Adjustments to Income           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    10
                                                              Travel Expenses of Armed Forces Reservists                        . . .    11
                                                              Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs)                       . . . .    11
                                                              Moving Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              12
                                                              Income Exclusions for Armed Forces Members 
                                                              in Combat Zones             . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    13
                                                              Combat Zone Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              14
                                                              How Much of My Combat Zone Pay Can I 
                                                              Exclude?          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    14
                                                              How Do I Report the Combat Zone 
                                                              Exclusion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             14
                                                              What Is Combat Zone Pay? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   14
                                                              Combat Zone Defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                15
                                                              Service Eligible for Combat Zone Exclusion                      . . . .    16
                                                              Gain or Loss From Sale of Home                . . . . . . . . . . . . .    16
                                                              Foreclosures    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    17
                                                              Itemized Deductions         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    18
                                                              Repayments to Your Employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    18
                                                              Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
                                                              Child Tax Credit, Credit for Other 
                                                              Dependents, and Additional Child Tax 
                                                              Credit        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    18
                                                              Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC) . . . . . . . . . . .                   20
                                                              Earned Income Credit (EIC)              . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    20
                                                              Credit for Excess Social Security Tax 
                                                              Withheld          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    24
                                                              First-Time Homebuyer Credit Repayment                       . . . . . .    25
                                                              Forgiveness of Decedent's Tax Liability . . . . . . . .                    25
                                                              Combat Zone Related Forgiveness                     . . . . . . . . . .    25
                                                              Terrorist or Military Action Related 
Get forms and other information faster and easier at:         Forgiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              25
IRS.gov (English)         IRS.gov/Korean (한국어)            How Do I Make a Claim for Tax Forgiveness?                        . . .    26
IRS.gov/Spanish (Español) IRS.gov/Russian (Pусский) 
IRS.gov/Chinese (中文)      IRS.gov/Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt) 

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Filing Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    27 for each qualifying child, the amount that can be claimed 
  Where To File My Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             27 as a refundable credit, called the additional child tax credit 
  When To File My Return            . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27 (ACTC), has increased to $1,600 for each qualifying child.
                                                                             New  lines  on  Schedule  3.     This  year  Schedule  3  has 
When Is the Latest I Can Pay My Tax?                  . . . . . . . . .   27 new lines.
Extensions of Deadlines To File Your Tax                                     Line 5 has been separated into lines 5a and 5b so that 
  Return, To Pay Your Taxes, and for Other                                     the residential clean energy credit and the energy effi-
  Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     28   cient home improvement credit reported on Form 
  Can I Get an Extension To File My Return if I                                5695 each have their own line.
      Am Not in a Combat Zone or a 
      Contingency Operation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              28 New line 6m was added to report the credit for previ-
                                                                               ously owned clean vehicles from Form 8936.
  Are There Filing, Tax Payment, and Other 
      Extensions Specifically for Those in a                                 Line 13c will be used to report the elective payment 
      Combat Zone or a Contingency                                             election amount from Form 3800. Filers eligible to 
      Operation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      29   make the election must complete a pre-filing registra-
  Can I Get an Extension To Pay My Tax if I Am                                 tion process and file their tax return with Form 3800 on 
      Not in a Combat Zone or a Contingency                                    or before the tax return due date (including exten-
      Operation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      31   sions).
Maximum Rate of Interest When There Is                                       Standard mileage rates. The 2023 rate for business use 
  Hardship    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   31 of a vehicle is 65.5 cents a mile. The 2023 rate for use of 
                                                                             your vehicle to do volunteer work for certain charitable or-
Tax Returns of Aliens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         31 ganizations is 14 cents a mile. The 2023 rate for operating 
  Resident Aliens       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   32 expenses for a car when you use it for medical reasons is 
  Nonresident Aliens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          33 22 cents a mile.
  Dual-Status Aliens        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   33 Modified  AGI  limit  for  traditional  IRA  contributions. 
                                                                             For 2023, if you are covered by a retirement plan at work, 
Signing Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       33
                                                                             your deduction for contributions to a traditional IRA is re-
How To Get Tax Help       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   34 duced (phased out) if your modified AGI is:
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 More than $116,000 but less than $136,000 for a mar-
                                                                               ried couple filing a joint return or a qualifying surviving 
                                                                               spouse,
                                                                             More than $73,000 but less than $83,000 for a single 
What's New                                                                     individual or head of household, or
Due date of return.       File Form 1040 or 1040-SR by April                 Less than $10,000 for a married individual filing a sep-
15, 2024. If you live in Maine or Massachusetts, you have                      arate return.
until  April  17,  2024,  because  of  the  Patriots’  Day  and 
                                                                             If you either live with your spouse or file a joint return, and 
Emancipation Day holidays.
                                                                             your spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work but 
Who must file.      Generally, the amount of income you can                  you aren't, your deduction is phased out if your modified 
receive before you must file a return has been increased.                    AGI is more than $218,000 but less than $228,000. If your 
For more information, see the Instructions for Form 1040.                    modified AGI is $228,000 or more, you can't take a deduc-
Standard deduction amount increased.                      For 2023, the      tion for contributions to a traditional IRA. See How Much 
standard deduction amount has been increased for all fil-                    Can You Deduct in Pub. 590-A, Contributions to Individual 
ers. The amounts are:                                                        Retirement Arrangements (IRAs).
Single or Married filing separately—$13,850;                               Modified  AGI  limit  for  Roth  IRA  contributions.   For 
                                                                             2023, your Roth IRA contribution limit is reduced (phased 
Married filing jointly or Qualifying surviving                             out) in the following situations.
  spouse—$27,700; and
                                                                             Your filing status is married filing jointly or qualifying 
Head of household—$20,800.                                                   surviving spouse and your modified AGI is at least 
For more information, see the Instructions for Form 1040.                      $218,000. You can't make a Roth IRA contribution if 
                                                                               your modified AGI is $228,000 or more.
Credits  for  qualified  sick  and  family  leave  wages. 
The credits for qualified sick and family leave wages paid                   Your filing status is single, head of household, or mar-
in 2023 for leave taken before April 1, 2021, and for leave                    ried filing separately and you didn't live with your 
taken after March 31, 2021, and before October 1, 2021,                        spouse at any time in 2023 and your modified AGI is at 
are  now  reported  on  Schedule  3,  line  13z.  See  Sched-                  least $138,000. You can't make a Roth IRA contribu-
ule H (Form 1040) for more information.                                        tion if your modified AGI is $153,000 or more.
Additional  child  tax  credit  amount  increased.                    While  Your filing status is married filing separately, you lived 
the  maximum  child  tax  credit  amount  remains  at  $2,000                  with your spouse at any time during the year, and your 

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  modified AGI is more than zero. You can't make a Roth            Tuition  and  fees  deduction  not  available. The  tuition 
  IRA contribution if your modified AGI is $10,000 or              and fees deduction is not available after 2020. Instead, the 
  more. See Can You Contribute to a Roth IRA in Pub.               income  limitations  for  the  lifetime  learning  credit  have 
  590-A.                                                           been increased. See Form 8863 and its instructions.
2024  modified  AGI  limits.      You  can  find  information      Form  1040-X  continuous-use  form  and  instructions. 
about the 2024 contribution and AGI limits in Pub. 590-A.          Form  1040-X,  Amended  U.S.  Individual  Income  Tax  Re-
Tax law changes for 2023.   When you figure how much               turn, and its instructions have been converted from an an-
income tax you want withheld from your pay and when you            nual  revision  to  continuous  use  beginning  in  tax  year 
figure your estimated tax, consider tax law changes effec-         2021. Both the form and instructions will be updated as re-
tive  in  2023.  For  more  information,  see  Pub.  505,  Tax     quired.  For  the  most  recent  version,  go  to     IRS.gov/
Withholding and Estimated Tax.                                     Form1040X. Section discussions and charts that were up-
                                                                   dated annually have been removed, or replaced with refer-
Alternative minimum tax (AMT) exemption amount in-
                                                                   ences to relevant forms, schedules, instructions, and pub-
creased.   The  AMT  exemption  amount  is  increased  to 
                                                                   lications.  See  the  forms,  schedules,  instructions,  and 
$81,300 ($126,500 if married filing jointly or qualifying sur-
                                                                   publications for the year of the tax return you are amend-
viving  spouse;  $63,250  if  married  filing  separately).  The 
                                                                   ing for guidance on specific topics.
amount used to determine the phaseout of your exemption 
has  increased  to  $578,150  ($1,156,300  if  married  filing     Electronic  filing  available  for  Form  1040-X.     You  can 
jointly or qualifying surviving spouse).                           file  Form  1040-X  electronically  with  tax  filing  software  to 
                                                                   amend  2020  or  later  Forms  1040  or  1040-SR.  See 
Adoption  credit. The  adoption  credit  and  the  exclusion 
                                                                   IRS.gov/Filing/Amended-Return-Frequently-Asked-
for  employer-provided  adoption  benefits  have  both  in-
                                                                   Questions for more information.
creased to $15,950 per eligible child in 2023. The amount 
begins to phase out if you have modified AGI in excess of          All taxpayers now eligible for Identity Protection PIN. 
$239,230  and  is  completely  phased  out  if  your  modified     Beginning in 2021, the IRS Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN) 
AGI is $279,230 or more.                                           Opt-In Program has been expanded to all taxpayers who 
Exception to the 10% additional tax for early distribu-            can properly verify their identity. An IP PIN helps prevent 
tions from certain retirement plans.     The exception to          your social security number from being used to file a frau-
the 10% additional tax for early distributions includes the        dulent federal income tax return. You can use the     Get An 
following.                                                         IP  Pin  tool  on IRS.gov  to  request  an  IP  PIN,  file  Form 
                                                                   15227 if your adjusted gross income is $79,000 or less for 
Distributions from a retirement plan in connection with          individuals or $158,000 if married filing jointly, or make an 
  federally declared disasters.                                    appointment to visit a Taxpayer Assistance Center.
Distributions from a retirement plan made to someone             Veterans' disability severance payments received af-
  who is terminally ill.                                           ter  1991. There  may  still  be  time  for  some  veterans  to 
                                                                   claim their refund for disability severance payments they 
Distributions to firefighters at age 50 or with 25 years 
                                                                   received after 1991 and claimed as income. These veter-
  of service under the plan.
                                                                   ans should take action soon if they received a notice and 
See  Form  5329  and  its  instructions  and  Pub.  590-B  for     haven’t  already  filed  Form  1040-X  to  claim  a  refund  or 
more information.                                                  credit of the overpayment attributable to the disability sev-
                                                                   erance  payment.  See Disability  Severance  Payments  to 
                                                                   Veterans, later, for the filing deadline.
Reminders                                                          Alimony  and  separate  maintenance  payments. 
                                                                   Amounts  paid  as  alimony  or  separate  maintenance  pay-
Future  developments.    For  the  latest  information  about      ments under a divorce or separation agreement executed 
developments related to Pub. 3, such as legislation enac-          after  2018  won't  be  deductible  by  the  payer.  Such 
ted after it was published, go to IRS.gov/Pub3.                    amounts also won't be includible in the income of the re-
Change of address. If you change your mailing address,             cipient. Amounts received as alimony or separate mainte-
be sure to notify the IRS using Form 8822, Change of Ad-           nance pursuant to a divorce or separation agreement exe-
dress.  Mail  it  to  the  Internal  Revenue  Service  Center  for cuted on or before December 31, 2018, are includible in 
your old address. (Addresses for the Service Centers are           the  recipient’s  income  unless  that  agreement  was  modi-
on  the  back  of  the  form.)  Use  Form  8822-B,  Change  of     fied  after  December  31,  2018,  to  expressly  provide  that 
Address  or  Responsible  Party—Business,  if  you  are            alimony received isn't included in your income. See your 
changing a business address.                                       tax return instructions and Pub. 555.
Nontaxable  combat  pay  election.       In  2023  and  future     Qualified  birth  or  adoption  distribution. Beginning  in 
years,  nontaxable  combat  pay  will  be  reported  on  Form      tax years after December 31, 2019, you can take a distri-
1040 or 1040-SR, line 1i.                                          bution from your IRA without it being subject to the 10% 
Credits for sick and family leave for certain self-em-             additional tax for early distributions. For more information, 
ployed  individuals  are  not  available.   The  credit  for       see Pub. 590-B.
sick and family leave for certain self-employed individuals        Third  party  designee.  You  can  check  the  “Yes”  box  in 
were  not  extended  and  you  can  no  longer  claim  these       the Third Party Designee area of your return to authorize 
credits.                                                           the IRS to discuss your return with your preparer, a friend, 

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a family member, or any other person you choose. This al-       What isn't covered in this publication.    This publication 
lows the IRS to call the person you identified as your des-     doesn't cover military retirement pay or veterans' benefits 
ignee to answer any questions that may arise during the         (except those discussed under Disability Severance Pay-
processing of your tax return. It also allows your designee     ments  to  Veterans,  later)  or  give  the  basic  tax  rules  that 
to perform certain actions. See your income tax return in-      apply  to  all  taxpayers.  For  information  on  military  retire-
structions for details.                                         ment pay or veterans' benefits, see Pub. 525, Taxable and 
Penalty for failure to file.  If your return is more than 60    Nontaxable Income. If you need the basic tax rules or in-
days late, the minimum penalty will be $485 or the amount       formation  on  another  subject  not  covered  here,  you  can 
of any tax you owe, whichever is smaller.                       check our other free publications.
Educational assistance benefits.      If you receive educa-
                                                                Comments  and  suggestions.       We  welcome  your  com-
tional  assistance  benefits  from  your  employer  under  an 
                                                                ments  about  this  publication  and  suggestions  for  future 
educational  assistance  program,  you  can  exclude  up  to 
                                                                editions.
$5,250 of those benefits.
                                                                You  can  send  us  comments  through                    IRS.gov/
Abbreviations.     The following abbreviations will be used     FormComments. Or, you can write to the Internal Revenue 
in this publication when appropriate.                           Service,  Tax  Forms  and  Publications,  1111  Constitution 
ACTC means additional child tax credit.                       Ave. NW, IR-6526, Washington, DC 20224.
                                                                Although  we  can’t  respond  individually  to  each  com-
ATIN means adoption taxpayer identification number.
                                                                ment  received,  we  do  appreciate  your  feedback  and  will 
ITIN means individual taxpayer identification number.         consider  your  comments  and  suggestions  as  we  revise 
ODC means credit for other dependents.                        our  tax  forms,  instructions,  and  publications. Don’t  send 
                                                                tax questions, tax returns, or payments to the above ad-
SSN means social security number.                             dress.
TIN means taxpayer identification number. A TIN may           Getting answers to your tax questions.              If you have 
  be an ATIN, an ITIN, or an SSN.                               a tax question not answered by this publication or the   How 
Other  abbreviations  may  be  used  in  this  publication  and To Get Tax Help section at the end of this publication, go 
will be defined as needed.                                      to  the  IRS  Interactive  Tax  Assistant  page  at      IRS.gov/
Photographs of missing children.      The IRS is a proud        Help/ITA  where  you  can  find  topics  by  using  the  search 
partner  with  the National  Center  for  Missing  &  Exploited feature or viewing the categories listed.
Children® (NCMEC). Photographs of missing children se-
                                                                Getting  tax  forms,  instructions,  and  publications. 
lected by the Center may appear in this publication on pa-
                                                                Go to IRS.gov/Forms to download current and prior-year 
ges  that  would  otherwise  be  blank.  You  can  help  bring 
                                                                forms, instructions, and publications.
these  children  home  by  looking  at  the  photographs  and 
calling  1-800-THE-LOST  (1-800-843-5678)  if  you  recog-      Ordering tax forms, instructions, and publications. 
nize a child.                                                   Go to IRS.gov/OrderForms to order current forms, instruc-
                                                                tions,  and  publications;  call  800-829-3676  to  order 
                                                                prior-year  forms  and  instructions.  The  IRS  will  process 
                                                                your order for forms and publications as soon as possible. 
Introduction                                                    Don’t resubmit requests you’ve already sent us. You can 
This publication covers the special tax situations of active    get forms and publications faster online.
members of the U.S. Armed Forces.
  For  federal  tax  purposes,  the  U.S.  Armed  Forces  in-   Useful Items
cludes commissioned officers, warrant officers, and enlis-      You may want to see:
ted personnel in all regular and reserve units under control 
of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Defense,  Army,  Navy,  and  Air Publication
Force.  The  U.S.  Armed  Forces  also  includes  the  Coast      17     17 Your Federal Income Tax
Guard. The Public Health Service and the National Oce-
                                                                         54 
anic  and  Atmospheric  Administration  can  also  receive        54        Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens 
many  of  the  same  tax  benefits.  The  U.S.  Armed  Forces            Abroad
doesn't include the U.S. Merchant Marine or the American          463    463 Travel, Gift, and Car Expenses
Red Cross.                                                        501    501 Dependents, Standard Deduction, and Filing 
  Members serving in an area designated or treated as a 
combat zone    are granted special tax benefits. In the event            Information
an area ceases to be a combat zone, the IRS will do its           503    503 Child and Dependent Care Expenses
best to notify you. Many of the relief provisions will end at     505    505 Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax
that time.
                                                                  516    516 U.S. Government Civilian Employees Stationed 
    Throughout  this  publication,  we  reference  “com-
                                                                         Abroad
TIP bat zone exclusion” and “combat zone pay.” These 
    terms are also known as “combat zone exclusion”               519    519 U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens
and “combat zone compensation,” respectively.                     523    523 Selling Your Home

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     525  525 Taxable and Nontaxable Income                                                       Servicemembers’ Government Pay 
     527  527 Residential Rental Property                                                         Items Excluded From Gross Income
     529  529 Miscellaneous Deductions
                                                                                                  Items  in Table  2  aren't  includible  in  your  gross  income 
     555  555 Community Property                                                                  though you may have to report them on your income tax 
     559  559 Survivors, Executors, and Administrators                                            return. The list in Table 2 isn't exclusive. See your tax re-
                                                                                                  turn  instructions  for  more  information  on  specific  items. 
     590-A         590-A Contributions to Individual Retirement                                   Also see Income Items of Special Interest, later.
          Arrangements (IRAs)
     590-B         590-B Distributions from Individual Retirement                                 Combat zone pay.  You may also be able to exclude pay 
          Arrangements (IRAs)                                                                     for service in a combat zone even though that pay would 
                                                                                                  otherwise be taxable. For information on the exclusion of 
     596  596 Earned Income Credit (EIC)                                                          pay for service in a combat zone and other tax benefits for 
     970  970 Tax Benefits for Education                                                          combat  zone  participants,  see Combat  Zone  Exclusion 
                                                                                                  and Are There Filing, Tax Payment, and Other Extensions 
     3920     3920 Tax Relief for Victims of Terrorist Attacks                                    Specifically for Those in a Combat Zone or a Contingency 
                                                                                                  Operation, later.
Form (and Instructions)
                                                                                                      Retroactive determination of nontaxable disa-
     1040     1040 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return                                              TIP bility severance payments. The Combat-Injured 
     1040-SR                           1040-SR U.S. Income Tax Return for Seniors                     Veterans  Tax  Fairness  Act  of  2016  gives  certain 
                                                                                                  veterans who received disability severance payments after 
     1040-X              1040-X Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
                                                                                                  January 17, 1991, additional time to file claims for a credit 
     1310     1310 Statement of Person Claiming Refund Due a                                      or  refund  relating  to  overpayments  attributable  to  these 
          Deceased Taxpayer                                                                       payments.  Veterans  affected  by  this  legislation  should 
                                                                                                  have  received  a  notice  from  the  Department  of  Defense 
     2555     2555 Foreign Earned Income
                                                                                                  (DoD).  See Disability  Severance  Payments  to  Veterans, 
     2848     2848 Power of Attorney and Declaration of                                           later, for details on the payments and for the deadline for 
          Representative                                                                          making a claim for a credit or refund.
     3903     3903 Moving Expenses
     4868     4868 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To                                 Income Items of Special Interest
          File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
                                                                                                  Death gratuity to a survivor. Any death gratuity paid to 
     8822     8822 Change of Address                                                              a survivor of a member of the Armed Forces is excluded 
     8822-B                     8822-B Change of Address or Responsible                           from the survivor’s gross income.
          Party—Business
                                                                                                  Can I deduct expenses paid with my excluded basic 
     9465     9465 Installment Agreement Request                                                  allowance  for  housing  (BAH)?  As  noted  in  Table  2, 
     8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-F                8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-F Qualified Disaster      BAH  is  excluded  from  income.  This  doesn't  prevent  you 
          Retirement Plan Distributions and Repayments                                            from deducting certain expenses paid for with your BAH. 
                                                                                                  You may still be able to deduct mortgage interest and real 
See How To Get Tax Help at the end of this publication for                                        estate taxes on your home if you pay these expenses with 
information about getting IRS publications and forms.                                             your  BAH.  See  the  Instructions  for  Schedule  A  (Form 
                                                                                                  1040) of your tax return.

                                                                                                  Differential  wage  payments.    Differential  wage  pay-
Gross Income                                                                                      ments  are  taxable.  They  aren't  treated  as  combat  zone 
                                                                                                  pay even if the individual was in a combat zone.
Members  of  the  Armed  Forces  receive  many  different 
types of pay and allowances. Some are included in gross                                           What  are  differential  wage  payments?        Differential 
income while others are excluded from gross income.                                               wage  payments  are  payments  made  by  an  employer 
                                                                                                  (other than the Armed Forces) to an individual. They are 
Servicemembers’ Government Pay                                                                    paid  for  a  period  during  which  the  individual  performed 
                                                                                                  services in the uniformed services while on active duty for 
Included in Gross Income                                                                          a period of more than 30 days. These payments represent 
                                                                                                  all or a portion of the wages the individual would have re-
You  must  report  the  items  listed  in                                 Table  1  as  gross  in-
                                                                                                  ceived from the employer if the individual had been per-
come on your tax return unless the pay is for service in a 
                                                                                                  forming services for the employer during that period.
combat zone. For pay for service in a combat zone, refer 
to Table 2. The items in Table 1 are taxable. The list in Ta-                                     Military base realignment and closure benefits.      Mili-
ble 1 isn't exclusive. Also see                Income Items of Special In-                        tary base realignment and closure benefits paid under the 
terest, later.                                                                                    Homeowners  Assistance  Program  (HAP)  are  generally 

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Table 1. Servicemembers’ Government Pay Included in Gross Income
These items are included in gross income, unless the pay is for service in a combat zone.
Basic pay        • Active duty
                 • Attendance at a designated service school
                 • Back wages
                 • Cadet/midshipman pay
                 • Drills 
                 • Reserve training
                 • Training duty 

Special pay      • Aviation career incentives 
                 • Career sea
                 • Diving duty 
                 • Foreign duty (outside the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia) 
                 • Foreign language proficiency
                 • Hardship duty
                 • Hostile fire or imminent danger 
                 • Medical and dental officers 
                 • Nuclear-qualified officers 
                 • Optometry 
                 • Other Health Professional Special Pays (for example, nurse, physician assistant, social work, etc.)
                 • Pharmacy
                 • Special compensation for assistance with activities of daily living (SCAADL) 
                 • Special duty assignment pay 
                 • Veterinarian
                 • Voluntary Separation Incentive
Bonus pay        • Career status
                 • Continuation pay
                 • Enlistment 
                 • Officer
                 • Overseas extension
                 • Reenlistment 
Incentive pay    • Submarine
                 • Flight
                 • Hazardous duty
                 • High Altitude/Low Opening (HALO)

Other pay        • Accrued leave
                 • CONUS COLA
                 • High deployment per diem
                 • Personal money allowances paid to high-ranking officers 
                 • Student loan repayment from programs, such as the Department of Defense Educational Loan 
                 Repayment Program when the year's service (requirement) isn't attributable to a combat zone, to 
                 the extent that qualified higher education expenses exceed $5,250 annually
                 • Certain payments made by an employer after March 27, 2020, and before January 1, 2026, of 
                 principal or interest on certain qualified education loans
In-kind military • Personal use of a government-provided vehicle 
benefits

excluded from income. However, for any property, the sum         W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, is included in your gross 
of  all  your  payments  can't  be  more  than  the  maximum     income and is taxable. The amount reported should be the 
amount described in subsection (c) of 42 U.S.C. 3374 as          QRD reduced by the after-tax contributions to your health 
in  effect  on  November  6,  2009.  You  must  include  in  in- flexible  spending  arrangement.  This  amount  is  also  sub-
come the excess over this maximum amount. For more in-           ject to employment taxes.
formation  about  the  HAP,  see usace.army.mil/Missions/
                                                                 What is a QRD? With reference to a cafeteria plan or 
Military-Missions/Real-Estate/HAP/.
                                                                 health flexible spending account, a QRD is a distribution 
Qualified  reservist  distribution  (QRD). The  portion  of 
your QRD reported by your employer as wages on Form 

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Table 2. Servicemembers’ Government Pay Items Excluded From Gross 
Income
The exclusion for certain items applies whether the item is furnished in kind or is a reimbursement or allowance.
Combat zone pay           • Compensation for active service while in a combat zone (See Combat Zone Exclusion, later.) 
                          Note. The exclusion for certain officers is limited. See Commissioned officers (other than 
                          commissioned warrant officers), later.

Other pay                 • Certain amounts received under the Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship and 
                          Financial Assistance Program payments
                          • Certain disability retirement pay, including payments received for injuries incurred as a direct 
                          result of a terrorist or military action
                          • Disability severance payments (See Disability Severance Payments to Veterans, later.)
                          • Group-term life insurance 
                          • Professional education 
                          • ROTC educational and subsistence allowances 
                          • State bonus pay for service in a combat zone (See  State bonus payments, later.)
                          • Survivor and retirement protection plan premiums
                          • Uniform allowances 
Death allowances          • Burial services 
                          • Death gratuity payments to eligible survivors 
                          • Travel of dependents to burial site 
Family allowances         • Certain educational expenses for dependents 
                          • Emergencies 
                          • Evacuation to a place of safety 
                          • Separation 
Living allowances         • BAH (Basic Allowance for Housing) (See also Can I deduct expenses paid with my excluded 
                          basic allowance for housing (BAH), later.) 
                          • BAS (Basic Allowance for Subsistence)
                          • Housing and cost-of-living allowances abroad paid by the U.S. Government or by a foreign 
                          government
                          • OHA (Overseas Housing Allowance) 
Moving allowances         • Dislocation 
                          • Military base realignment and closure benefit (See Military base realignment and closure 
                          benefits, later.)
                          • Move-in housing 
                          • Moving household and personal items
                          • Moving trailers or mobile homes 
                          • Storage 
                          • Temporary lodging and temporary lodging expenses 
Travel allowances         • Annual round trip for dependent students 
                          • Leave between consecutive overseas tours 
                          • Reassignment in a dependent restricted status
                          • Transportation for you or your dependents during ship overhaul or inactivation
                          • Per diem
                          • Travel benefits under operation hero miles
In-kind military benefits • Dependent-care assistance program 
                          • Defense counsel services
                          • Legal assistance 
                          • Medical/dental care 
                          • Commissary/exchange discounts
                          • Space-available travel on government aircraft
                          • Uniforms furnished to enlisted personnel 

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to an individual of all or part of the individual's balance in a  Disability Severance Payments to Veterans
cafeteria plan or health flexible spending arrangement if:
                                                                          Your  claim  must  be  made  by  the  deadline.  See 
The individual was a reservist who was ordered or               !       When must I file my claim, later, for the deadline 
  called to active duty for more than 179 days or for an          CAUTION for making these claims.
  indefinite period, and
The distribution is made no sooner than the date the            Veterans discharged from military service due to medi-
  reservist was ordered or called to active duty and no           cal disability may receive a severance payment. If you re-
  later than the last day reimbursements could other-             ceived  a  disability  severance  payment  that  was  taxed  to 
  wise be made under the arrangement for the plan year            you, and either the amounts received were by reason of a 
  which includes the date of the order or the call to duty.       combat-related  injury  or  the  Department  of  Veterans  Af-
                                                                  fairs  (VA)  later  determined  that  you  were  entitled  to  re-
Uniformed  Services  Traditional  Thrift  Savings  Plan           ceive  disability  compensation,  your  severance  payment 
(TSP)  distributions. If  you  participate  in  the  Uniformed    isn’t taxable and you can file a claim for credit or refund 
Services  Traditional  TSP  and  receive  a  distribution  from   using Form 1040-X for the tax year in which the disability 
your account, the distribution is generally included in your      severance payment was received and included in income 
taxable income unless your contributions included tax-ex-         on your tax return.
empt combat zone pay.
  If your contributions included tax-exempt combat zone 
                                                                  For more information about amending prior-year returns 
pay, the part of the distribution attributable to those contri-
                                                                  to take advantage of this change, see that revision of the 
butions  is  tax  exempt.  However,  the  earnings  on  the 
                                                                  Instructions for Form 1040-X. For more information on how 
tax-exempt portion of the distribution are taxable. The TSP 
                                                                  to  file  a  prior-year  Form  1040-X,  go  to         IRS.gov/
will provide a statement showing the taxable and nontaxa-
                                                                  Form1040X.
ble  portions  of  the  distribution.  For  more  information  on 
TSP  distributions,  see  TSPBK26,  Tax  Rules  About  TSP        Retroactive  determination  of  nontaxable  disability 
Payments.                                                         severance  payments.   The  Combat-Injured  Veterans 
                                                                  Tax  Fairness  Act  of  2016  gives  certain  veterans  who  re-
  Note.  For 2023, combat zone service entitles service 
                                                                  ceived  disability  severance  payments  after  January  17, 
members to contribute as much as $66,000 in a TSP re-
                                                                  1991, additional time to file claims for credit or refund to 
tirement account.
                                                                  recover  tax  overpayments  attributable  to  their  disability 
  Note. The annual additions limit is the total amount of         severance payments. Veterans affected by this legislation 
all the contributions made in a calendar year. This limit is      should have received a notice from the Department of De-
per  employer  and  includes  money  from  all  sources:  em-     fense (DoD) reporting the amount of disability severance 
ployee  contributions  (tax-deferred,  after-tax,  and  tax-ex-   payments.
empt), Agency/Service Automatic (1%) Contributions, and 
                                                                  How do I file a claim for a refund of an overpayment 
Agency/Service  Matching  Contributions.  It  does  not  in-
                                                                  attributable to my disability severance pay?           The no-
clude catch-up contributions.
                                                                  tice from the DoD includes an explanation of how to file a 
  The  annual  additions  limit  affects  mostly  members  of 
                                                                  claim, including a simplified method for making the claim. 
the uniformed services who can exceed the annual elec-
                                                                  The  IRS  has  worked  closely  with  the  DoD  to  produce 
tive deferral limit. The excess contributions go into the tra-
                                                                  these  notices,  explaining  how  veterans  should  claim  the 
ditional portion of their TSP accounts from tax-exempt pay 
                                                                  related tax refunds.
earned in a combat zone.
                                                                  You can submit a claim based on the actual amount of 
Uniformed  Services  Roth  Thrift  Savings  Plan  (TSP).          your  disability  severance  payment  by  completing  Form 
Roth TSP contributions are included in your income. They          1040-X.  However,  you  can  choose  instead  to  claim  a 
are  after-tax  contributions  and  are  subject  to  the  same   standard  refund  amount  based  on  the  calendar  year  in 
contribution limits as the traditional TSP. Qualified distribu-   which you received the severance payment. Enter “Disa-
tions from your Roth account in the TSP aren't included in        bility Severance Payment” on line 15 of Form 1040-X and 
your  income.  For  more  details,  see Thrift  Savings  Plan     enter on lines 15 and 22 the standard refund amount listed 
(TSP) in Part II of Pub. 721, Tax Guide to U.S. Civil Service     below that applies.
Retirement Benefits, and TSPBK26.                                 $1,750 for tax years 1991 through 2005.
State bonus payments.   A state bonus payment will be             $2,400 for tax years 2006 through 2010.
treated as combat zone pay and may not be taxable if it is        $3,200 for tax years 2011 through 2020.
made because of your current or former service in a com-
                                                                  Claiming  the  standard  refund  amount  is  the  easiest  way 
bat  zone.  See Combat  Zone  Defined,  later,  for  a  list  of 
                                                                  for you to claim a refund, because you don’t need to ac-
designated combat zones.
                                                                  cess the original tax return from the year of your disability 
  What  are  state  bonus  payments?    A  state  bonus           severance payment.
payment is a bonus payment made to you or to your de-             Enter “Veteran Disability Severance” or “St. Clair Claim” 
pendent(s) by a state (or a political subdivision of a state).    across the top of Form 1040-X, page 1, and attach a copy 
                                                                  of the notice from the DoD about the disability severance 

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payment. If you didn’t receive the DoD notice, you must in-      Some foreign income may be excluded, but these ex-
clude  documentation  showing  the  exact  amount  of  and       clusions aren't available for wages and salaries of military 
reason for your disability severance payment and a copy          and civilian employees of the U.S. Government. See more 
of either the VA determination letter confirming your disa-      on  these  exclusions  in Foreign  earned  income  exclusion 
bility or a determination that your injury or sickness was ei-   and American Samoa and Puerto Rico income exclusion 
ther incurred as a direct result of armed conflict, while in     below.
extra-hazardous service, or in simulated war exercises, or 
was caused by an instrumentality of war. Documentation           Foreign  earned  income  exclusion. Certain  taxpayers 
showing the exact amount of and reason for your disability       can exclude income earned in foreign countries. For 2023, 
severance payment may include a letter from the Defense          this exclusion amount can be as much as $120,000. How-
Finance  and  Accounting  Services  (DFAS)  or  your  Form       ever, military and civilian employees of the U.S. Govern-
DD214  explaining  the  severance  payment  at  the  time  of    ment  are  not  eligible  to  elect  the  foreign  earned  income 
the payment. If you don’t have the required documentation        exclusion.  Employees  of  the  U.S.  Government  include 
showing the exact amount of and reason for your disability       those  who  work  at  U.S.  Armed  Forces  exchanges,  com-
severance payment, visit dfas.mil/dsp_irs to learn how to        missioned  and  noncommissioned  officers'  messes,  and 
obtain it.                                                       Armed  Forces  motion  picture  services,  and  similar  per-
                                                                 sonnel. Military personnel and/or their spouses may be el-
         In  addition  to  the  documents  listed  above,  Form  igible to elect the foreign earned income exclusion only if 
TIP      1310, Statement of Person Claiming Refund Due           they are independent contractors who are not employees 
         a  Deceased  Taxpayer,  may  need  to  accompany        of  the  U.S.  Government.  Of  course,  these  individuals 
Form 1040-X. See Step 4: Provide Form 1310, if required          would  need  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  foreign 
under How Is Tax Forgiveness Claimed, later.                     earned income exclusion to qualify. You won’t be treated 
                                                                 as having a tax home in a foreign country for any period 
When must I file my claim?      You must file your claim         for  which  your  abode  is  within  the  United  States,  unless 
by the later of 1 year after the date you received the notice    you are serving in an area designated by the President of 
from the DoD or the normal deadline for filing a claim for       the United States by Executive order as a combat zone in 
refund or credit.                                                support  of  the  Armed  Forces  of  the  United  States.  For 
         This alternative 1-year time frame is especially im-    more information on the exclusion, including requirements 
                                                                 and the definition of “abode,” see Pub. 54.
!        portant  because  the  normal  deadline  is  the  later 
CAUTION  of 3 years after filing the original return or 2 years 
after paying the tax and claims may date back as far as          American Samoa and Puerto Rico income exclusion. 
1991.                                                            Residents  of  American  Samoa  and  Puerto  Rico  may  be 
                                                                 able to exclude income from American Samoa and Puerto 
                                                                 Rico. However, this territory exclusion doesn’t apply to wa-
Where to file. Mail the completed Form 1040-X and your 
                                                                 ges and salaries of military and civilian employees of the 
documents to the following address, regardless of where 
                                                                 U.S. Government. If you need information on this territory 
you live.
                                                                 exclusion, see Pub. 570, Tax Guide for Individuals With In-
Internal Revenue Service                                         come From U.S. Territories.
333 W. Pershing Street, Stop 6503, P5
Kansas City, MO 64108                                            Community Property

                                                                 The pay you earn as a member of the Armed Forces may 
Foreign Source Income
                                                                 be subject to community property laws depending on your 
                                                                 marital status the nature of the payment, , and your domi-
What Is Foreign Source Income?                                   cile. These laws may affect how much of your income is 
                                                                 included in your gross income for tax purposes. Commun-
For  U.S.  citizens,  foreign  source  income  is  income  from 
                                                                 ity  property  states  are  Arizona,  California,  Idaho,  Louisi-
sources outside the United States. This section only dis-
                                                                 ana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wis-
cusses the tax consequences for foreign source income of 
                                                                 consin.
U.S. citizens.

                                                                 Marital Status
Is My Foreign Source Income Taxable?
                                                                 Community  property  rules  apply  to  married  persons 
You must report all of your foreign source income on your 
                                                                 whose  domicile  during  the  tax  year  was  in  a  community 
tax return, except for those amounts that U.S. law specifi-
                                                                 property state. These rules may affect your tax liability if 
cally allows you to exclude. This is true whether you reside 
                                                                 you file separate returns or are divorced during the year.
inside or outside the United States and whether or not you 
receive  a  Form  W-2  or  a  Form  1099.  This  applies  to 
earned  income  (such  as  wages  and  tips)  as  well  as  un-
earned income (such as interest, dividends, capital gains, 
pensions, rents, and royalties).

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Nature of the Payment                                             new duty station. For more information about this option, 
                                                                  see Pub. 570. You may also elect to have the same domi-
Active duty military pay   subject to community property is       cile or residence as the servicemember.
laws. Armed Forces retired or retainer pay may be subject 
to community property laws.
                                                                  Nevada, Washington, and California 
For more information on community property laws, see              Domestic Partners
Pub. 555.
                                                                  A registered domestic partner in Nevada, Washington, or 
Domicile                                                          California must generally report half of his or her income 
                                                                  plus half of the income of his or her domestic partner. See 
Your domicile is the permanent legal home you intend to           Form 8958 and Pub. 555.
use  for  an  indefinite  or  unlimited  period,  and  to  which, 
when  absent,  you  intend  to  return.  It  isn't  always  where Form W-2
you presently live.
Domicile  or  tax  residence  of  civilian  spouse.    If  you    What Information Can I Find on My Form 
are the civilian spouse of an active duty U.S. military serv-     W-2?
icemember,  you  can  elect  to  have  the  same  domicile  or 
residence as the servicemember.  If your domicile or resi-        Form W-2 shows your total pay and other compensation 
dence is the same as the servicemember's, you may be              and the income tax, social security tax, and Medicare tax 
able to keep your prior domicile or residence for tax purpo-      that was withheld during the year. Form W-2 also shows 
ses when you accompany your spouse who relocated to a             other amounts that you may find important in box 12.

                                      Form W-2 Reference Guide for Box 12 Codes

A     Uncollected social security or RRTA tax   B  Uncollected Medicare tax on tips (but not  C  Taxable cost of group-term life 
      on tips                                      Additional Medicare Tax)                      insurance over $50,000
D     Elective deferrals to a section 401(k)    E  Elective deferrals under a section 403(b)  F  Elective deferrals under a section 
      cash or deferred arrangement plan            salary reduction agreement                    408(k)(6) salary reduction SEP
      (including a SIMPLE 401(k) arrangement)
G     Elective deferrals and employer           H  Elective deferrals to a section 501(c)(18) J  Nontaxable sick pay
      contributions (including nonelective         (D) tax-exempt organization plan
      deferrals) to a section 457(b) deferred 
      compensation plan
K     20% excise tax on excess golden           L  Substantiated employee business            M  Uncollected social security or RRTA 
      parachute payments                           expense reimbursements                        tax on taxable cost of group-term life 
                                                                                                 insurance over $50,000 (former 
                                                                                                 employees only)
N     Uncollected Medicare tax on taxable cost  P  Excludable moving expense                  Q  Nontaxable combat pay
      of group-term life insurance over $50,000    reimbursements paid directly to a 
      (but not Additional Medicare Tax) (former    member of the U.S. Armed Forces
      employees only) 
R     Employer contributions to an Archer MSA   S  Employee salary reduction contributions    T  Adoption benefits
                                                   under a section 408(p) SIMPLE plan
V     Income from exercise of nonstatutory      W  Employer contributions (including          Y  Deferrals under a section 409A 
      stock option(s)                              employee contributions through a              nonqualified deferred compensation 
                                                   cafeteria plan) to an employee's health       plan
                                                   savings account (HSA)
Z     Income under a nonqualified deferred      AA Designated Roth contributions under a      BB Designated Roth contributions under a 
      compensation plan that fails to satisfy      section 401(k) plan                           section 403(b) plan
      section 409A
DD    Cost of employer-sponsored health         EE Designated Roth contributions under a      FF Permitted benefits under a qualified 
      coverage                                     governmental section 457(b) plan              small employer health reimbursement 
                                                                                                 arrangement
GG    Income from qualified equity grants       HH Aggregate deferrals under section 83(i) 
      under section 83(i)                          elections as of the close of the calendar 
                                                   year
Note. For more information on these codes, see the General Instructions for Forms W-2 and W-3.
What Do the Codes in Box 12 of Form W-2 
Mean?                                                             Adjustments to Income
Box 12 shows amounts not listed in other places on the 
                                                                  Adjusted gross income is your total income minus certain 
form. The amounts shown in box 12 are generally prece-
                                                                  adjustments.  The  following  adjustments  are  of  particular 
ded by a code. A list of the codes used in box 12 is shown 
                                                                  interest to members of the Armed Forces.
above.
                                                                       Travel Expenses of Armed Forces Reservists.
                                                                       Individual Retirement Arrangements.

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Moving Expenses.                                               Individual Retirement Arrangements 
Each of these adjustments is discussed below.                    (IRAs)

Travel Expenses of Armed Forces                                  An IRA generally includes a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, sim-
Reservists                                                       plified employee pension (SEP) IRA, and a savings incen-
                                                                 tive match plan for employees (SIMPLE) IRA.
Are My Travel Expenses as a Reservist 
                                                                 Deductibility of Contributions to My IRA
Deductible?
                                                                          Deductible  IRA  contributions.  You  no  longer 
If you are a member of a reserve component of the Armed                   need to be younger than age 70 /  to take a de-1 2
Forces  and  you  travel  more  than  100  miles  away  from     CAUTION! duction for your contributions to an IRA.
home in connection with your performance of services as 
a member of the reserves, you can deduct your unreim-
bursed travel expenses on your tax return. Include all un-       Generally,  you  can  deduct  the  lesser  of  the  contribu-
reimbursed expenses from the time you leave home until           tions to your traditional IRA for the year or the general limit 
the  time  you  return  home.  See How  To  Report  My  Re-      (or spousal IRA limit, if applicable). However, if you or your 
serve-Related  Travel  Expenses,  later,  for  information  on   spouse  was  covered  by  an  employer-maintained  retire-
how to report these expenses on your tax return.                 ment plan at any time during the year for which contribu-
                                                                 tions were made, you may not be able to deduct all of the 
                                                                 contributions. The Form W-2 you or your spouse receives 
Am I a Member of a Reserve Component?
                                                                 from an employer has a box used to indicate whether you 
You are a member of a reserve component of the Armed             were  covered  for  the  year.  The  “Retirement  plan”  box 
Forces if you are in:                                            should have a mark in it if you were covered.

The Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, or Coast              For purposes of a deduction for contributions to a tradi-
  Guard Reserve;                                                 tional  IRA,  Armed  Forces  members  (including  reservists 
The Army National Guard of the United States;                  on active duty for more than 90 days during the year) are 
                                                                 considered  covered  by  an  employer-maintained  retire-
The Air National Guard of the United States; or
                                                                 ment plan. The "Retirement plan" box on your Form W-2 
The Ready Reserve Corps of the Public Health Serv-             should have a mark in it. Your deduction for contributions 
  ice.                                                           to  a  traditional  IRA  may  be  subject  to  a  phaseout.  See 
                                                                 Limit if Covered by Employer Plan in Pub. 590-A for more 
How To Report My Reserve-Related Travel                          information.
Expenses
                                                                 As a military person, do I get additional time to make 
If you have reserve-related travel that takes you more than      a  contribution  to  my  IRA? Individuals  serving  in  the 
100  miles  from  home,  you  should  first  complete  Form      U.S. Armed Forces or in support of the U.S. Armed Forces 
2106, Employee Business Expenses.                                in designated combat zones have additional time to make 
                                                                 a contribution to an IRA. For more information on this ex-
On Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 12, enter the part of            tension  of  deadline  provision,  see Are  There  Filing,  Tax 
your  expenses,  up  to  the  federal  rate,  included  on  Form Payment, and Other Extensions Specifically for Those in a 
2106, line 10, that is for reserve-related travel more than      Combat Zone or a Contingency Operation, later. For more 
100 miles from your home.                                        information on contributions to IRAs, see Pub. 590-A.

For more information about this limit, see Per Diem and          Is My Combat Zone Pay Included in IRA 
Car Allowances in chapter 6 of Pub. 463.
                                                                 Calculations?
Example. Captain Harris, a member of the Army Re-
serve, traveled to a location 220 miles from his home to         For IRA purposes, your compensation includes nontaxa-
perform his work in the Reserves in April 2023. He incur-        ble combat zone pay. Even though you don't have to in-
red  $1,588.20  of  unreimbursed  expenses  consisting  of       clude the combat zone pay in your gross income, you do 
$288.20 for mileage (440 miles × 65.5 cents a mile), $300        include it in your compensation when figuring the limits on 
for meals, and $1,000 for lodging. Only 50% of his meal          contributions,  and  on  deductions  for  contributions,  to 
expenses  are  deductible.  He  shows  his  total  deductible    IRAs.
travel  expenses  of  $1,438.20  ($288.20  +  $150  (50%  of 
$300)  +  $1,000)  on  Form  2106,  line  10.  He  enters  the   Treatment of Distributions (and Repayments 
$1,438.20 ($288.20 + $150 + $1,000) for travel over 100          of Distributions) From an IRA to Qualified 
miles from home on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 12.              Reservists

                                                                 Is  a  qualified  reservist  distribution  subject  to  the 
                                                                 10%  additional  tax? A qualified  reservist  distribution, 

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defined below, isn’t subject to the 10% additional tax on          2023 and future years. For more information, see the In-
early distributions from certain retirement plans.                 structions for Form 8915-F and Publication 590-B.

What is a qualified reservist distribution?   With refer-
ence to an IRA, a section 401(k) plan, or a 403(b) plan, a         Moving Expenses
distribution you receive is a qualified reservist distribution 
                                                                   You may be able to exclude from income the value of gov-
if the following requirements are met.
                                                                   ernment-provided  services  and  reimbursement.  If  you 
 You were ordered or called to active duty after Sep-            weren't reimbursed, you may be able to deduct expenses 
   tember 11, 2001.                                                you incurred when you moved. We discuss both below.
 You were ordered or called to active duty for a period          Are Reimbursements, or the Value of Services Provi-
   of more than 179 days or for an indefinite period be-             ded by the Government When I Move, Included in My 
   cause you are a member of a reserve component (see                Income.
   Am I a Member of a Reserve Component, earlier, un-
                                                                   Which Moving Expenses Are Deductible and Which 
   der Travel Expenses of Armed Forces Reservists).
                                                                     Aren't.
 The distribution is from an IRA or from amounts attrib-
   utable to elective deferrals under a section 401(k) or          To deduct moving expenses, you must be a member of 
   403(b) plan or a similar arrangement.                           the Armed Forces on active duty and your move must be 
                                                                   due  to  a  military  order  and  the  result  of  a permanent 
 The distribution was made no earlier than the date of           change of station.
   the order or call to active duty and no later than the 
   close of the active duty period.                                What constitutes a permanent change of station?       A 
                                                                   permanent change of station includes:
Can  I  repay  amounts  distributed  from  my  IRA,  sec-
tion 401(k) or 403(b) plan, or a similar arrangement?              A move from your home to your first post of active 
You may be able to contribute (repay), to an IRA, amounts            duty,
equal to any qualified reservist distributions (defined ear-       A move from one permanent post of duty to another, 
lier) you received. You can make these repayment contri-             and
butions even if they would cause your total contributions to 
the IRA to be more than the general limit on contributions.        A move from your last post of duty to your home or to 
                                                                     a nearer point in the United States. The move must 
You make these repayment contributions to an IRA, even if 
                                                                     occur within 1 year of ending your active duty or within 
you received the qualified reservist distribution from a sec-
                                                                     the period allowed under the Joint Travel Regulations.
tion 401(k) or 403(b) plan or a similar arrangement.
Is  there  a  limit  to  the  amount  I  can  repay? Your          Are  there  additional  considerations  when  a  spouse 
qualified  reservist  repayments  can’t  be  more  than  your      or dependent moves? If you are the spouse or depend-
qualified reservist distributions.                                 ent of a member of the Armed Forces who deserts, is im-
                                                                   prisoned,  or  dies  while  on  active  duty,  a  permanent 
Is  there  a  time  limit  for  repaying? You  can  make           change of station for you includes a move to:
these  repayment  contributions  up  to  and  including  the 
date that is 2 years after your active duty period ends.           The member's place of enlistment or induction;
Can I deduct qualified reservist repayments?             You       Your, or the member's, home of record; or
can’t deduct qualified reservist repayments.                       A nearer point in the United States.
Will the repayment affect my IRA deduction?              The       If the military moves you to or from a different location 
repayment of qualified reservist distributions doesn’t affect      than the member, the moves are treated as a single move 
the amount you can deduct as an IRA contribution.                  to your new main job location.
How  do  you  report  the  repayment?     If  you  repay  a 
qualified  reservist  distribution,  include  the  amount  of  the Are Reimbursements, or the Value of 
repayment  with  nondeductible  contributions  on  line  1  of     Services Provided by the Government When 
Form 8606, Nondeductible IRAs.                                     I Move, Included in My Income?

                                                                   Don't include in your income the value of moving and stor-
Tax Relief for Qualified Disaster 
                                                                   age  services  provided  by  the  government  because  of  a 
Distributions and Repayments                                       permanent change of station. Similarly, don't include in in-
Special rules provide for tax-favored distributions from and       come amounts received as a dislocation allowance, tem-
repayments to certain retirement plans (including IRAs) on         porary lodging expense, temporary lodging allowance, or 
account of economic losses due to disasters declared by            move-in housing allowance.
the President. To report the qualified distributions and re-
                                                                   Generally,  if  the  total  reimbursements  or  allowances 
payments, use Form 8915-D for 2019 disasters and use 
                                                                   that  you  receive  from  the  government  because  of  the 
Form 8915-F for disasters that occur in 2020, 2021, 2022, 
                                                                   move are more than your actual moving expenses, the ex-
                                                                   cess is included in your wages on Form W-2. However, if 

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any reimbursements or allowances (other than dislocation             Moving  services  and  allowances  provided  by  the 
allowances, temporary lodging expenses, temporary lodg-              government. Don’t  deduct  any  expenses  for  moving 
ing  allowances,  or  move-in  housing  allowances)  exceed          services  that  were  provided  by  the  government.  Also, 
the  cost  of  moving  and  the  excess  isn't  included  in  your   don’t deduct any expenses that were reimbursed by an al-
wages on Form W-2, the excess must still be included in              lowance you didn’t include in income.
gross income on Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 1h.
                                                                     Foreign Moves
If you must relocate and your spouse and dependents 
move  to  or  from  a  different  location,  don't  include  in  in- A foreign move is a move from the United States or its ter-
come reimbursements, allowances, or the value of moving              ritories to a foreign country or from one foreign country to 
and storage services provided by the government to move              another foreign country. A move from a foreign country to 
you  and  your  spouse  and  dependents  to  and  from  the          the United States or its territories isn't a foreign move. For 
separate locations.                                                  purposes  of  determining  whether  a  move  is  a  foreign 
                                                                     move, a U.S. military base is not a territory of the United 
Which Moving Expenses Are Deductible and                             States and moving to a U.S. military base located in a for-
Which Aren't                                                         eign country is a foreign move.

How much of my moving expenses can I deduct?            If           For  a  foreign  move,  the  deductible  moving  expenses 
you move because of a permanent change of station, you               described earlier are expanded to include the reasonable 
can  deduct  the  reasonable  unreimbursed  expenses  of             expenses of the following:
moving you and members of your household. See How To 
Report Moving Expenses, later, for how to report this de-            Moving your household goods and personal effects to 
duction.                                                               and from storage, and
A member of your household is anyone who has both                    Storing these items for part or all of the time the new 
your former home and your new home as his or her main                  job location remains your main job location. The new 
home. It doesn't include a tenant or employee unless you               job location must be outside the United States.
can claim that person as a dependent on your tax return.

Which  moving  expenses  can  I  deduct?     You  can  de-
duct expenses (if not reimbursed or furnished in kind) for:          How To Report Moving Expenses
Moving household goods and personal effects, and
                                                                     Figure  moving  expense  deductions  on  Form  3903.  The 
Travel.                                                            Form 3903 instructions provide information on how to fig-
                                                                     ure  your  deduction  for  qualified  expenses  that  exceed 
Moving  household  goods  and  personal  effects.   You              your  reimbursements  and  allowances  (including  disloca-
can  deduct  the  expenses  of  moving  your  household              tion  allowances,  temporary  lodging  expenses,  temporary 
goods and personal effects, including expenses for haul-             lodging  allowances,  or  move-in  housing  allowances  that 
ing a trailer, packing, crating, in-transit storage, and insur-      are excluded from gross income).
ance.  You  can't  deduct  expenses  for  moving  furniture  or 
other goods you bought on the way from your old home to              If  you  qualify  to  deduct  expenses  for  more  than  one 
your new home.                                                       move, use a separate Form 3903 for each move.
Storing  and  insuring  household  goods  and  per-
sonal  effects. You  can  include  only  the  cost  of  storing      Carry  the  moving  expense  deduction  from  Form(s) 
and insuring your household goods and personal effects               3903, line 5, to Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 14. For more 
within  any  period  of  30  consecutive  days  after  the  day      information, see Form 3903 and its instructions.
these  goods  and  effects  are  moved  from  your  former 
home and before they are delivered to your new home.
Travel. You can deduct the expenses of traveling (includ-            Income Exclusions for Armed 
ing lodging within certain limitations, but not meals) from 
                                                                     Forces Members in Combat 
your old home to your new home, including car expenses 
and airfare. You can deduct as car expenses either:                  Zones
Your actual out-of-pocket expenses such as gas and 
  oil, or                                                            Gross income doesn’t include compensation you received 
                                                                     for active service in the Armed Forces for any month dur-
The standard mileage rate of 22 cents a mile.                      ing  any  part  of  which  you  served  in  a  combat  zone  or 
You  can  add  parking  fees  and  tolls  to  the  amount            qualified hazardous duty area. The exclusion available to 
claimed under either method. You can't deduct any expen-             you  as  a  member  of  the  Armed  Forces  may  depend  on 
ses for meals. You can't deduct the cost of unnecessary              your rank.
side trips or lavish and extravagant lodging.
                                                                     Enlisted  members,  warrant  officers,  and  commis-
                                                                     sioned warrant officers.  If you are an enlisted member, 

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warrant officer, or commissioned warrant officer, you can       The amount of your exclusion is limited to the highest rate 
exclude the following amounts from your income.                 of enlisted pay (plus imminent danger/hostile fire pay you 
                                                                received)  for  each  month  during  any  part  of  which  you 
 Active duty pay earned in any month you served in a 
                                                                served in a combat zone or were hospitalized as a result 
   combat zone. See Combat Zone Exclusion, later.
                                                                of your service there. For 2023, the applicable amount is 
 Imminent danger/hostile fire pay. See Serving in a           $10,011 per month (that is, $9,786.00 for the highest en-
   Combat Zone, later.                                          listed pay + $225 for imminent danger pay).
 A reenlistment bonus if the voluntary extension or re-
                                                                Earned income election.   Though your combat zone pay 
   enlistment occurs in a month you served in a combat 
                                                                is excluded from income, you can elect to include it in in-
   zone.
                                                                come in figuring your EIC. See Can I treat my nontaxable 
 Pay for accrued leave earned in any month you served         combat  zone  pay  as  earned  income?  under Earned  In-
   in a combat zone. The DoD must determine that the            come Credit, later.
   unused leave was earned during that period.
 Pay received for duties as a member of the Armed             How Do I Report the Combat Zone 
   Forces in clubs, messes, post and station theaters,          Exclusion?
   and other nonappropriated fund activities. The pay 
   must be earned in a month you served in a combat             Ordinarily, you don't have to do anything for this exclusion 
   zone.                                                        to apply. The exclusion will be reflected on your Form W-2. 
 Awards for suggestions, inventions, or scientific ach-       The  wages  shown  in  box  1  of  your  2023  Form  W-2 
   ievements you are entitled to because of a submission        shouldn't include military pay excluded from your income 
   you made in a month you served in a combat zone.             under the combat zone exclusion provisions. If it does, you 
                                                                will need to get a corrected Form W-2 from your finance 
 Student loan repayments. If the entire year of service       office. You can't exclude as combat zone pay any wages 
   required to earn the repayment was performed in a            shown  in  box  1  of  Form  W-2.  See  also Disability  Sever-
   combat zone, the entire repayment made because of            ance Payments to Veterans, later, for special rules relating 
   that year of service is excluded. If only part of that year  to severance pay.
   of service was performed in a combat zone, only part 
   of the repayment qualifies for exclusion. For example, 
   if you served in a combat zone for 5 months,  /  of 5 12     What Is Combat Zone Pay?
   your repayment qualifies for exclusion.                            Combat zone pay is also known as combat zone 
                                                                TIP   compensation.
Commissioned  officers  (other  than  commissioned 
warrant  officers). If  you  are  a  commissioned  officer 
(other than a commissioned warrant officer), you may ex-        Combat zone pay is pay received by a member of the 
clude part of your combat zone pay. There is a limit to the     U.S. Armed Forces who serves in:
amount of combat zone pay you can exclude. See  Com-
                                                                1. A combat zone as designated by the President in an 
missioned officers (other than commissioned warrant offi-
                                                                  Executive order (see Combat Zone Defined, later);
cers) under How Much of My Combat Zone Pay Can I Ex-
clude, later.                                                   2. A qualified hazardous duty area designated by Con-
                                                                  gress while receiving hostile fire pay or imminent dan-
                                                                  ger pay in accordance with 37 U.S.C. 351 (see Serv-
Combat Zone Exclusion                                             ing in a Combat Zone, later); or
                                                                3. An area outside the combat zone or qualified hazard-
     Combat zone exclusion and combat zone pay are 
                                                                  ous duty area when the DoD certifies that such serv-
TIP  also known as combat zone exclusion and com-
                                                                  ice is in direct support of military operations in a com-
     bat zone compensation, respectively.
                                                                  bat zone or qualified hazardous duty area, and the 
                                                                  member receives hostile fire pay or imminent danger 
How Much of My Combat Zone Pay                                    pay (see Serving outside combat zone considered 
                                                                  serving in a combat zone, later).
Can I Exclude?
                                                                The  month  for  which  you  receive  the  pay  must  be  a 
Enlisted  member,  warrant  officer,  or  commissioned          month in which you either:
warrant  officer. If  you  are  an  enlisted  member,  warrant 
officer,  or  commissioned  warrant  officer,  none  of  your   Served in a combat zone; or
combat zone pay is included in your income for tax purpo-       Were hospitalized as a result of wounds, disease, or 
ses.                                                              injury incurred while serving in the combat zone.
Commissioned  officers  (other  than  commissioned              You don't have to receive the excluded pay while you are 
warrant  officers).   If  you  are  a  commissioned  officer    in  a  combat  zone,  are  hospitalized,  or  in  the  same  year 
(other  than  a  commissioned  warrant  officer),  there  is  a you served in a combat zone.
limit to the amount of combat zone pay you can exclude. 

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Partial  month  service  is  treated  as  full  month  of          or Operation Freedom Sentinel supporting military opera-
service. If you serve in a combat zone for any part of 1 or        tions in the Afghanistan combat zone.
more days during a particular month, you are entitled to a 
combat zone exclusion for that entire month.                       The  Kosovo  area. By  Executive  Order  No.  13119,  the 
                                                                   following  locations  (including  the  airspace  above)  were 
Are my retirement pay and pensions treated as com-                 designated as a combat zone beginning March 24, 1999.
bat zone pay? Retirement pay and pensions don't qual-
                                                                   Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia/Montenegro).
ify for the combat zone exclusion.
                                                                   Albania.
      Combat  Related  Special  Compensation  (CRSC) 
TIP   is  a  benefit  awarded  to  certain  retired  veterans      Kosovo.
      with  combat-related  disabilities.  CRSC  is  exclu-        The Adriatic Sea.
ded from income.
                                                                   The Ionian Sea—north of the 39th parallel.
                                                                   Note. The combat zone designation for Montenegro and 
Combat Zone Defined                                                Kosovo (previously a province within Serbia) under Execu-
                                                                   tive Order 13119 remains in force even though Montene-
A  combat  zone  is  any  area  the  President  of  the  United 
                                                                   gro and Kosovo have become independent nations since 
States designates by Executive order as an area in which 
                                                                   EO 13119 was signed.
the U.S. Armed Forces are engaging or have engaged in 
combat.  An  area  usually  becomes  a  combat  zone  and          The Arabian Peninsula. By Executive Order No. 12744, 
ceases to be a combat zone on the dates the President              the following locations (and the airspace above) were des-
designates  by  Executive  order.  To  date, the  Afghanistan      ignated as a combat zone beginning January 17, 1991.
area the  Kosovo  area, ,  and the  Arabian  Peninsula  have 
been designated as combat zones. Combat zone tax ben-              The Persian Gulf.
efits have been designated by Congress for the Sinai Pen-          The Red Sea.
insula of Egypt under certain circumstances. Though     the 
former Yugoslavia is no longer treated as a combat zone,           The Gulf of Oman.
certain benefits may still be available to those who served        The part of the Arabian Sea that is north of 10 degrees 
in that area at that time. Each of the combat zones, the Si-         north latitude and west of 68 degrees east longitude.
nai  Peninsula,  and  the  former  Yugoslavia  area  are  dis-
                                                                   The Gulf of Aden.
cussed below.
                                                                   The total land areas of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, 
Serving  outside  combat  zone  considered  serving                  Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.
in  a  combat  zone. Military  service  outside  a  combat 
zone is considered to be performed in a combat zone if:            The  following  countries  were  certified  by  the  DoD  for 
                                                                   combat  zone  tax  benefits  due  to  their  direct  support  of 
The DoD designates that the service is in direct sup-            military operations in the Arabian Peninsula combat zone.
  port of military operations in the combat zone, and
                                                                   Jordan (as of March 19, 2003).
The service qualifies you for special military pay for 
  duty subject to hostile fire or imminent danger under            Lebanon (as of February 12, 2015).
  37 U.S.C. 351.                                                   Turkey east of 33.51 degrees east longitude (as of 
Military pay received for this service will qualify for the          September 19, 2016).
combat zone exclusion if all of the requirements discussed 
under Service  Eligible  for  Combat  Zone  Exclusion,  later,     Sinai  Peninsula. Section  11026  of  Public  Law  115-97 
other  than  service  in  a  combat  zone,  are  met  and  if  the designates  the  Sinai  Peninsula  of  Egypt  as  a  qualified 
pay is verifiable by reference to military pay records.            hazardous duty area that is treated as if it were a combat 
                                                                   zone. This designation generally applies for the period be-
The  Afghanistan  area. By  Executive  Order  No.  13239,          ginning  June  10,  2015.  For  more  information  about 
Afghanistan (and the airspace above) was designated as             amending prior-year returns to take advantage of the ben-
a combat zone beginning September 19, 2001.                        efits associated with this designation, see the Instructions 
The  following  countries  were  certified  by  the  DoD  for      for Form 1040-X.
combat  zone  tax  benefits  due  to  their  direct  support  of 
military operations in the Afghanistan combat zone.                The  former  Yugoslavia  area. Section  1  of  Public  Law 
                                                                   104-117  designated  the  following  locations  as  qualified 
Jordan and Pakistan (as of September 19, 2001).                  hazardous  duty  areas  that  were  treated  as  if  they  were 
Djibouti (as of July 1, 2002).                                   combat zones.
Yemen (as of April 10, 2002).                                    Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Somalia and Syria (as of January 1, 2004).                       Croatia.
Note.  For  the  Philippines  only,  the  personnel  must  have    Macedonia.
deployed in conjunction with Operation Enduring Freedom            That  designation  generally  applied  beginning  November 
                                                                   21,  1995,  and  ending  November  1,  2007,  allowing,  for 

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example, members of the Armed Forces who die by rea-                  disease is presumed to have been incurred while serving 
son of wounds that were incurred in that area and during              in the combat zone.
that period to qualify for special tax treatment upon their 
death.                                                                Time limit on combat zone exclusion for pay received 
                                                                      while hospitalized. If you are hospitalized, you can't ex-
                                                                      clude any military pay received for any month of service 
Service Eligible for Combat Zone                                      that begins more than 2 years after the end of combat ac-
Exclusion                                                             tivities in the combat zone. This pay won't be combat zone 
                                                                      pay.
As  noted  earlier,  pay  eligible  for  the  combat  zone  exclu-
sion must have been received for a month in which you ei-
                                                                      Nonqualifying Presence in a Combat 
ther served in a combat zone or were hospitalized as a re-
sult of wounds, disease, or injury incurred while serving in          Zone
the combat zone. We discuss these below. Also see     Serv-
ing outside combat zone considered serving in a combat                None of the following types of military service qualify as 
zone, earlier, under Combat Zone Defined.                             service in a combat zone.
                                                                      Presence in a combat zone while on leave from a duty 
Serving in a Combat Zone                                                station located outside the combat zone.
                                                                      Passage over or through a combat zone during a trip 
You are considered to be serving in a combat zone if you                between two points that are outside a combat zone.
are either assigned on official temporary duty to a combat 
zone  or  you  qualify  for  hostile  fire/imminent  danger  pay      Presence in a combat zone solely for your personal 
while in a combat zone.                                                 convenience.

Service in a combat zone includes any periods you are 
absent from duty because of sickness, wounds, or leave.               Gain or Loss From Sale of 
If, as a result of serving in a combat zone, a person be-
comes a prisoner of war or is missing in action, that per-            Home
son  is  considered  to  be  serving  in  the  combat  zone  so 
long as he or she keeps that status for military pay purpo-           You may not have to pay tax on all or part of the gain from 
ses.                                                                  the  sale  of  your  main  home.  Usually,  your  main  home  is 
                                                                      the one you live in most of the time. It can be a:
Hospitalization as a Result of Wounds,                                House,
Disease, or Injury Incurred While Serving in                            Houseboat,
                                                                      
a Combat Zone
                                                                      Mobile home,
Hospitalized  while  serving  in  a  combat  zone.    If  you           Cooperative apartment, or
                                                                      
are  hospitalized  while  serving  in  a  combat  zone,  the 
wound,  disease,  or  injury  causing  the  hospitalization  will     Condominium.
be presumed to have been incurred while serving in the 
combat  zone  unless  there  is  clear  evidence  to  the  con-       How  much  can  you  exclude? You  can  generally  ex-
trary.                                                                clude up to $250,000 of gain ($500,000, in most cases, if 
                                                                      married  filing  a  joint  return)  realized  on  the  sale  or  ex-
Example. You are hospitalized for a specific disease in               change of a main home in 2023. The exclusion is allowed 
a combat zone where you have been serving for 3 weeks,                each time you sell or exchange a main home, but gener-
and the disease for which you are hospitalized has an in-             ally not more than once every 2 years.
cubation period of 2 to 4 weeks. The disease is presumed 
to have been incurred while you were serving in the com-              What  must  you  do  to  be  eligible  for  the  exclusion? 
bat zone. On the other hand, if the incubation period of the          You will be eligible for the exclusion if, during the 5-year 
disease is 1 year, the disease wouldn't have been incurred            period ending on the date of the sale, you:
while you were serving in the combat zone.                            Owned the home for at least 2 years (the ownership 
                                                                        test), and
Hospitalized after leaving a combat zone.  In some ca-
ses, the wound, disease, or injury may have been incurred             Lived in the home as your main home for at least 2 
while you were serving in the combat zone, even though                  years (the use test).
you  weren't  hospitalized  until  after  you  left.  In  that  case, It doesn’t have to be a single block of time.
you can exclude military pay earned while you are hospi-
talized as a result of the wound, disease, or injury.                 What happens if I don't meet the ownership and use 
                                                                      tests? If you don't meet the ownership and use tests due 
Example. You were hospitalized for a specific disease                 to a move to a new permanent duty station, you can ex-
3 weeks after you departed the combat zone. The incuba-               clude gain, but the maximum amount of gain you can ex-
tion  period  of  the  disease  is  from  2  to  4  weeks.  The       clude will be reduced. See Pub. 523 for more details.

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5-year test period can be suspended for members of                  Are my losses deductible?   You can't deduct a loss from 
the Armed Forces. You can choose to have the 5-year                 the sale of your main home.
test period for ownership and use suspended during any 
period you or your spouse serves on qualified official ex-          More information. For more information, see Pub. 523.
tended  duty  as  a  member  of  the  Armed  Forces.  This 
means that you may be able to meet the 2-year use test 
even if, because of your service, you didn't actually live in       Foreclosures
your home for the required 2 years during the 5-year pe-
riod ending on the date of sale.                                    There may be tax consequences as a result of compensa-
                                                                    tion payments for foreclosures.
Example.    David  bought  and  moved  into  a  home  in 
2015. He lived in it as his main home for 2 /  years. For the 1 2   Payments  made  for  violations  of  the  Servicemem-
next 6 years, he didn't live in it because he was on quali-         bers Civil Relief Act (SCRA).  All servicemembers who 
fied official extended duty with the Army. He then sold the         received a settlement payment reported on a Form 1099 
home at a gain in 2023. To meet the use test, David choo-           may need to report the amount on their tax return as in-
ses to suspend the 5-year test period for the 6 years he            come. However, the tax treatment of settlement payments 
was  on  qualifying  official  extended  duty.  This  means  he     will depend on the facts and circumstances as illustrated 
can  disregard  those  6  years.  Therefore,  David's  5-year       below.
test period consists of the 5 years before he went on quali-
fying official extended duty. He meets the ownership and            Lump-sum  portion  of  settlement  payment.          Gener-
use tests because he owned and lived in the home for 2 /1 2         ally, you must include the lump-sum payment in gross in-
years during this test period.                                      come.  In  limited  circumstances,  you  may  be  able  to  ex-
                                                                    clude  part  or  all  of  the  lump-sum  payment  from  gross 
Limits on period of suspension.     The period of sus-              income. For example, you may qualify to exclude part or 
pension can't last more than 10 years. You can't suspend            all of the payment from gross income if you can show that 
the 5-year period for more than one property at a time. You         the payment was made to reimburse specific nondeducti-
can  revoke  your  choice  to  suspend  the  5-year  period  at     ble expenses (such as living expenses) you incurred be-
any time.                                                           cause of the SCRA violation.
Qualified official extended duty.   You are on qualified            Interest  payment  on  lump-sum  portion  of  settle-
official extended duty if you serve on extended duty either:        ment  payment. You  must  include  any  interest  on  the 
At a duty station at least 50 miles from your main                lump-sum portion of your settlement payment in your in-
  home, or                                                          come.
While you live in government quarters under govern-               Lost  equity  portion  of  settlement  payment.      If  you 
  ment orders.                                                      lost  your  main  home  in  foreclosure,  you  should  treat  the 
                                                                    lost equity payment as an additional amount you received 
You  are  on  extended  duty  when  you  are  called  or  or-
                                                                    on the foreclosure of the home. You will have a gain on the 
dered to active duty for a period of more than 90 days or 
                                                                    foreclosure only if the sum of the lost equity payment and 
for an indefinite period.
                                                                    the  value  of  the  main  home  at  foreclosure  is  more  than 
What if the property was used for rental or business?               what you paid for the home. In many cases, this gain may 
You  may  still  qualify  for  a  reduced  exclusion  of  the  gain be  excluded  from  income.  For  more  information  on  the 
from  the  sale  of  a  home  that  you  have  used  as  a  rental  rules for excluding all or part of any gain from the sale (in-
property  or  for  business.  However,  you  must  meet  the        cluding a foreclosure) of a main home, see Pub. 523.
ownership and use tests discussed in Pub. 523.                      The rules that apply to a lost equity payment you 
                                                                    received for the foreclosure of a property that wasn't 
What  if  there  were  periods  when  I  didn't  use  the 
                                                                    your main home are different.  To find rules for reporting 
property  as  my  main  home  and  wasn’t  on  qualified 
                                                                    gain or loss on the foreclosure of property that wasn't your 
official extended duty?    If the sale of your main home re-
                                                                    main home, see Pub. 544, Sales and Other Dispositions 
sults in a gain that is allocated to one or more period(s) of 
                                                                    of Assets.
nonqualified use, you can't exclude that gain from your in-
come.                                                               Interest  payment  on  lost  equity  portion  of  settle-
Nonqualified  use  means  any  period  after  2008  when            ment payment. You must include any interest on the lost 
neither you nor your spouse (or your former spouse) used            equity portion of your settlement payment in your income.
the property as a main home, with certain exceptions. For 
example, a period of nonqualified use doesn't include any 
period (not to exceed a total of 10 years) during which you 
or  your  spouse  is  serving  on qualified  official  extended 
duty,  discussed  above.  You  will  be  able  to  exclude  the 
gain  attributable  to  the  period  during  which  you  or  your 
spouse served on qualified official extended duty.

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                                                                              The additional child tax credit (ACTC) is a credit 
                                                                              you may be able to take if you aren't able to claim 
Itemized Deductions                                                  CAUTION! the full amount of the child tax credit. The child tax 
                                                                     credit isn't the same as the credit for child and dependent 
You can no longer claim any miscellaneous itemized de-               care expenses. See Pub. 503 for information on the credit 
ductions,  including  the  deduction  for  unreimbursed  em-         for child and dependent care expenses.
ployee  business  expenses.  Miscellaneous  itemized  de-
ductions  are  those  deductions  that  would  have  been                     Refunds for returns claiming the ACTC can't be is-
subject to the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limitation.               TIP      sued  before  mid-February  2024.  This  delay  ap-
If you are an Armed Forces reservist, you may be able                         plies to the entire refund, not just the portion asso-
to deduct unreimbursed employee business expenses as                 ciated  with  the  ACTC.  This  delay  does  not  apply  if  the 
an adjustment to income. See Travel Expenses of Armed                return  claims  the  CTC  unless  the  return  also  claims  the 
Forces Reservists, earlier. These deductions aren’t availa-          earned income credit.
ble for active duty service members.
                                                                     Can I claim the child tax credit if I don't have a social 
Repayments to Your Employer                                          security  number  (SSN)  or  an  individual  taxpayer 
                                                                     identification number (ITIN)? If you or your spouse (if 
If you had to repay to your employer an amount that you              filing jointly) don’t have an SSN or ITIN issued on or before 
included  in  your  income  in  an  earlier  year,  you  may  be     the  due  date  of  your  2023  return  (including  extensions), 
able to deduct the repaid amount from your income for the            you can't claim the child tax credit on either your original 
year in which you repaid it. Where you report the repay-             or an amended 2023 return, even if you later get an SSN. 
ment on your tax return will depend on the amount of the             If an ITIN is applied for on or before the due date of a 2023 
repayment. See Repayments in Pub. 525.                               return (including extensions) and the IRS issues an ITIN 
                                                                     as a result of the application, the IRS will consider the ITIN 
                                                                     as issued on or before the due date of the return.
Credits
                                                                     Is My Child a Qualifying Child?
After you have figured your taxable income and tax liabil-
                                                                     Your child is a qualifying child for purposes of the child tax 
ity, you can determine if you are entitled to any tax credits. 
                                                                     credit if your child meets all seven of the following condi-
This section discusses the child tax credit additional child , 
                                                                     tions.
tax  credit credit  for  other  dependents earned  income , , 
credit,  and credit  for  excess  social  security  tax  withheld.   1. Is your son, daughter, stepchild, foster child, brother, 
For information on other credits, see your tax form instruc-         sister, stepbrother, stepsister, half brother, or half sis-
tions.                                                               ter, or a descendant of any of them (for example, your 
                                                                     grandchild, niece, or nephew).
Child Tax Credit, Credit for Other                                   2. Was under age 17 at the end of 2023.
Dependents, and Additional Child Tax                                 3. Didn't provide over half of the child’s own support for 
Credit                                                               2023.
The child tax credit is a credit that may reduce your tax by         4. Lived with you for more than half of 2023 (but see Are 
as  much  as  $2,000  for  each  of  your  qualifying  children.     there exceptions to the time lived with you require-
See How Much Can I Claim as a Child Tax Credit, later.               ment, later).
The  additional  child  tax  credit  (ACTC)  is  a  credit  you      5. Is claimed as a dependent on your return.
may  be  able  to  take  if  you  aren't  able  to  claim  the  full 6. Doesn't file a joint return for the year (or files it only to 
amount  of  the  child  tax  credit.  The  additional  child  tax    claim a refund of income tax withheld or estimated tax 
credit is discussed later.                                           paid).
The    credit for other dependents (ODC) is a credit that            7. Was a U.S. citizen, a U.S. national, or a U.S. resident 
may reduce your tax by as much as $500 for each of your              alien. If the child was adopted, see Adopted child, 
qualifying  children  or  other  dependents  who  can’t  be          later.
claimed for the CTC. The amount you may claim for your 
CTC is calculated together with the amount you may claim             Are  there  exceptions  to  the  time  lived  with  you  re-
for  your credit  for  other  dependents  on  the  Child  Tax        quirement? Temporary  absences  by  you  or  the  other 
Credit and Credit for Other Dependents Worksheet in the              person  for  special  circumstances,  such  as  school,  vaca-
instructions for your tax return. These credits are reported         tion, business, medical care, military service, or detention 
on  the  same  line  of  your  return.  The  credit  for  other  de- in  a  juvenile  facility,  count  as  time  the  person  lived  with 
pendents is discussed later.                                         you.
                                                                     If  the  person  meets  all  other  requirements  to  be  your 
                                                                     qualifying child but was born or died in 2023, the person is 
                                                                     considered  to  have  lived  with  you  for  more  than  half  of 

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2023 if your home was this person's home for more than              you  will  claim  the  ACTC  on  Form  1040,  1040-SR,  or 
half the time he or she was alive in 2023.                          1040-NR,  line  28.  Otherwise,  you  will  claim  the  CTC  on 
Any other person is considered to have lived with you               Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 19. For more infor-
for all of 2023 if the person was born or died in 2023 and          mation  on  these  credits,  see  the  Instructions  for  Form 
your home was this person's home for the entire time he or          1040,  or  the  Instructions  for  Form  1040-NR,  and  the  In-
she was alive in 2023.                                              structions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040).
There are also exceptions for kidnapped children, chil-
dren lawfully placed with you for legal adoption by you in          Form 8862, who must file.  You must file Form 8862 to 
2023, eligible foster children placed with you in 2023, and         claim the CTC, ACTC, or ODC if your ACTC or ODC for a 
children of divorced or separated parents. For details, see         year  after  2015  was  denied  or  reduced  for  any  reason 
Pub. 501.                                                           other  than  a  math  or  clerical  error.  Attach  a  completed 
                                                                    Form  8862  to  your  2023  return  unless  an  exception  ap-
What if my child is the qualifying child of more than               plies. See Form 8862, Information To Claim Certain Cred-
one  person? A  special  rule  applies  if  your  qualifying        its After Disallowance, and its instructions for more infor-
child  is  the  qualifying  child  of  more  than  one  person  as  mation, including whether an exception applies.
only one person can actually treat the child as a qualifying 
                                                                             If you take the CTC, ACTC, or ODC even though 
child. For details, see Pub. 501.
                                                                             you  aren't  eligible  and  it  is  determined  that  your 
Adopted  child. Your  adopted  child  is  always  treated  as       CAUTION! error is due to reckless or intentional disregard of 
your own child. An adopted child includes a child lawfully          the rules for these credits, you won't be allowed to take the 
placed with you for legal adoption. If you are a U.S. citizen       CTC, ACTC, or ODC for 2 years even if you are otherwise 
or U.S. national and your adopted child lived with you as a         eligible to do so. If you fraudulently take the CTC, ACTC, 
member of your household all year, that child meets con-            or ODC, you won't be allowed to take the CTC, ACTC, or 
dition 7.                                                           ODC for 10 years. See the Instructions for Form 8862 for 
                                                                    more information. You may also have to pay penalties.
How Much Can I Claim as a Child Tax 
Credit?                                                             Credit for Other Dependents (ODC)

The  maximum  amount  you  can  claim  for  the  credit  is         This credit is a nonrefundable credit of up to $500 for each 
$2,000 for each qualifying child under age 17 at the end of         eligible  dependent  who  can't  be  claimed  for  the  CTC  or 
2023, who has an SSN that is valid for employment and is-           ACTC.  The  CTC,  ACTC,  and  ODC  are  figured  using 
sued  before  the  due  date  of  your  2023  return  (including    Schedule 8812 (Form 1040).
extensions). If your child was issued an SSN that wasn't 
                                                                    To claim the credit, you must file Form 1040, 1040-SR, 
valid for employment and became eligible for a card with-
                                                                    or 1040-NR. For each qualifying child, you must check the 
out the legend “Not valid for employment” by the due date 
                                                                    “Credit for other dependents” box in column (4) of the De-
of  your  return  (including  extensions),  you  may  claim  the 
                                                                    pendents  section  on  page  1  of  Form  1040,  1040-SR,  or 
CTC  on  an  original  or  amended  return  for  that  tax  year 
                                                                    1040-NR. For more information on the ODC, see the In-
even if your child’s card wasn't updated by the due date of 
                                                                    structions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040).
your return.
Modified  AGI.  For  purposes  of  the  CTC  and  ACTC,             Form 8862, who must file.  You must file Form 8862 to 
your  modified  AGI  is  the  amount  on  Form  1040  or            claim the CTC, ACTC or ODC if your CTC, ACTC, or ODC 
1040-SR, line 11, plus the following amounts that may ap-           for a year after 2015 was denied or reduced for any rea-
ply to you.                                                         son other than a math or clerical error. Attach a completed 
                                                                    Form 8862 to your 2023 return to claim the CTC, ACTC or 
Any amount excluded from income because of the ex-                ODC unless an exception applies. See Form 8862, Infor-
  clusion of income from Puerto Rico.                               mation To Claim Certain Credits After Disallowance, and 
Any amount on line 45 or line 50 of Form 2555.                    its instructions for more information, including whether an 
                                                                    exception applies.
Any amount on line 15 of Form 4563, Exclusion of In-
  come for Bona Fide Residents of American Samoa.                            If you take the CTC, ACTC or ODC even though 
                                                                             you  aren't  eligible  and  it  is  determined  that  your 
If you don't have any of the above, your modified AGI is            CAUTION!
                                                                             error is due to reckless or intentional disregard of 
the same as your AGI.
                                                                    the rules for these credits, you won't be allowed to take the 
                                                                    ODC for 2 years even if you are otherwise eligible to do 
Claiming the Credit                                                 so. If you fraudulently take the CTC, ACTC or ODC, you 
                                                                    won't  be  allowed  to  take  the  CTC,  ACTC  or  ODC  for  10 
To claim the CTC and/or ACTC, you must file Form 1040,              years. See the Instructions for Form 8862 for more infor-
1040-SR, or 1040-NR. For each qualifying child, you must            mation. You may also have to pay penalties.
check  the  “child  tax  credit”  box  in  column  (4)  of  the  De-
pendents  section  on  page  1  of  Form  1040,  1040-SR,  or 
1040-NR  and  complete  Schedule  8812  (Form  1040).  If 
you meet the residency requirements to claim the ACTC, 

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Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC)                                  EIC, you won't be allowed to take the credit for 10 years. 
                                                                    You may also have to pay penalties. See Form 8862 and 
What is the ACTC?    This credit is for certain individuals         its instructions for details.
who get less than the full amount of the CTC.
                                                                            Refunds for returns claiming the EIC can't be is-
        The ODC can’t be used to figure the ACTC. Only              TIP     sued  before  mid-February  2024.  This  delay  ap-
TIP     your CTC can be used to figure your ACTC. If you                    plies to the entire refund, not just the portion asso-
        are claiming the ODC but not the CTC, you can’t             ciated with the EIC.
claim the ACTC.
        Refunds for returns claiming the ACTC can’t be is-          Can I claim the EIC if I don't have an SSN?    If you don't 
TIP     sued  before  mid-February  2024.  This  delay  ap-         have an SSN by the due date of your 2023 return (includ-
        plies to the entire refund, not just the portion asso-      ing  extensions),  you  can't  claim  the  EIC  on  either  your 
ciated  with  the  ACTC.  This  delay  does  not  apply  if  the    original or an amended 2023 return, even if you later get 
return  claims  the  CTC  unless  the  return  also  claims  the    an SSN.
earned income credit.
                                                                    Claiming the EIC if I Have a Qualifying Child
Form 8862, who must file. You must file Form 8862 to                        If you are claiming the EIC with a qualifying child, 
claim the ACTC if your CTC, ACTC or ODC for a year after            !       you should follow the eligibility rules that apply to 
2015 was denied or reduced for any reason other than a              CAUTION filers with a qualifying child or children when de-
math  or  clerical  error.  Attach  a  completed  Form  8862  to    termining whether you are eligible to claim the EIC even if 
your 2023 return unless an exception applies. See Form              your qualifying child hasn't been issued a valid SSN on or 
8862, Information To Claim Certain Credits After Disallow-          before the due date of your return (including extensions). 
ance,  and  its  instructions  for  more  information,  including   However, when calculating the amount of EIC that you are 
whether an exception applies.                                       eligible to claim on your return, you should follow the rules 
        If you take the CTC, ACTC, or ODC even though               that apply to taxpayers who do not have a qualifying child.

!       you  aren't  eligible  and  it  is  determined  that  your 
CAUTION error is due to reckless or intentional disregard of        If you have a qualifying child (defined later), you must 
the rules for these credits, you won't be allowed to take the       satisfy all nine of the following rules to claim the EIC.
CTC, ACTC, or ODC for 2 years even if you are otherwise             1. You must have earned income (defined later).
eligible to do so. If you fraudulently take the CTC, ACTC, 
or ODC, you won't be allowed to take the CTC, ACTC, or              2. Your earned income and adjusted gross income (AGI) 
ODC for 10 years. See the Instructions for Form 8862 for            must each be less than:
more information. You may also have to pay penalties.
                                                                    a. $56,838 ($63,398 for married filing jointly) if you 
                                                                            have three or more qualifying children,
Earned Income Credit (EIC)                                          b. $52,918 ($59,478 for married filing jointly) if you 
                                                                            have two qualifying children, or
The  EIC  is  a  credit  for  certain  persons  who  work.  The 
credit may give you a refund even if you don't owe any tax          c. $46,560 ($53,120 for married filing jointly) if you 
or didn't have any tax withheld.                                            have one qualifying child.
You  must  satisfy  certain  criteria  in  order  to  claim  the    3. If you are married, you must file a joint return to claim 
EIC. The criteria you must meet depends on whether you              the EIC or satisfy certain requirements to be consid-
have a qualifying child. Detailed information is provided in        ered unmarried for EIC purposes.
Claiming the EIC if I Have a Qualifying Child and  Claiming         4. You generally can't be a qualifying child of another 
the EIC if I Don't Have a Qualifying Child, later.                  person. If filing a joint return, your spouse also can't 
                                                                    be a qualifying child of another person.
Form 8862, who must file. You must file Form 8862 to 
claim the EIC if your EIC for a year after 1996 was denied          5. Your qualifying child can't be used by more than one 
or reduced for any reason other than a math or clerical er-         person to claim the credit. If your qualifying child is the 
ror.  Attach  a  completed  Form  8862  to  your  2023  return.     qualifying child of more than one person, you must be 
Don't file Form 8862 if you filed Form 8862 for a tax year          the person who can treat the child as a qualifying 
after the denial or reduction if the EIC was allowed for that       child. See the Caution below. If the other person can 
year  or  if  the  10-year  period  and/or  2-year  period  in  the claim the child as a qualifying child, you may be able 
Caution below is over. See Form 8862 and its instructions           to claim the EIC under the rules for a taxpayer without 
for details.                                                        a qualifying child. For details, see Rule 9 in Pub. 596.
        If you take the EIC even though you aren't eligible         6. You can't file Form 2555 to exclude income earned in 
!       and it is determined that your error is due to reck-        foreign countries, or to deduct or exclude a foreign 
CAUTION less or intentional disregard of the EIC rules, you         housing amount. See Pub. 54 for more information 
won't be allowed to take the credit for 2 years even if you         about this form.
are otherwise eligible to do so. If you fraudulently take the 

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7. You must be a U.S. citizen or resident alien all year            An adopted child is always treated as your own child. 
   unless:                                                          The term “adopted child” includes a child who was lawfully 
                                                                    placed with you for legal adoption.
     a. You are married to a U.S. citizen or a resident 
                                                                    Your  foster  child,  for  the  relationship  test,  is  a  child 
        alien,
                                                                    placed with you by an authorized placement agency or by 
     b. Your filing status is married filing jointly, and           judgment, decree, or other order of any court of compe-
                                                                    tent jurisdiction. An authorized placement agency includes 
     c. You choose to be treated as a resident alien for 
                                                                    a  state  or  local  government  agency.  It  also  includes  a 
        the entire year. If you need more information about 
                                                                    tax-exempt organization licensed by a state. In addition, it 
        making this choice, see Resident Aliens, later.
                                                                    includes  an  Indian  tribal  government  or  an  organization 
8. Certain investment income must be $11,000 or less                authorized by an Indian tribal government to place Indian 
   during the year. For most people, this investment in-            children.
   come is taxable interest and dividends, tax-exempt in-
                                                                    Age test.   In order to be classified as a qualifying child, 
   terest, and capital gain net income. See Worksheet 1 
                                                                    your child must pass the age test. A child passes the age 
   in Pub. 596 for more information on the investment in-
                                                                    test if he or she is in at least one of the following catego-
   come includible in the amount that must meet the 
                                                                    ries.
   $11,000 limit.
                                                                    1. Category 1. Under age 19 at the end of 2023 and 
9. You must have a valid SSN for yourself, your spouse 
                                                                       younger than you (or your spouse, if filing jointly).
   (if filing a joint return), and any qualifying child.
                                                                    2. Category 2. Under age 24 at the end of 2023, a stu-
        If you and someone else have the same qualifying               dent, and younger than you (or your spouse, if filing 
!       child but the other person can't claim the EIC be-             jointly).
CAUTION cause he or she isn't eligible or his or her earned 
income  or  AGI  is  too  high,  you  may  be  able  to  treat  the 3. Category 3. Permanently and totally disabled at any 
child as a qualifying child. But you can't treat the child as a        time during 2023, regardless of age.
qualifying child to claim the EIC if the other person uses 
the child to claim any of the tax benefits listed below.            Student  defined.      To  qualify  as  a  student,  your  child 
                                                                    must  be,  during  some  part  of  each  of  any  5  calendar 
1. The child tax credit, ACTC, and ODC.                             months of 2023:
2. Head of household filing status.                                 1. A full-time student at a school that has a regular 
3. The credit for child and dependent care expenses.                   teaching staff, course of study, and regular student 
                                                                       body at the school; or
4. The exclusion for dependent care benefits.
                                                                    2. A student taking a full-time, on-farm training course 
                                                                       given by a school described in (1), or a state, county, 
How  to  report. If  you  satisfy  all  these  rules,  fill  out       or local government.
Schedule EIC (Form 1040), Earned Income Credit, and at-
                                                                    The 5 calendar months need not be consecutive.
tach it to Form 1040 or 1040-SR. You will claim the EIC on 
                                                                    A school can be an elementary school, junior or senior 
Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 27.
                                                                    high school, college, university, or technical, trade, or me-
Qualifying  child. Your  child  is  a  qualifying  child  if  your  chanical  school.  However,  on-the-job  training  courses, 
child passes four tests and has an SSN, as required in So-          correspondence  schools,  and  schools  offering  courses 
cial  security  number  (SSN)  of  child,  later.  The  four  tests only  through  the  Internet  don't  count  as  schools  for  the 
are:                                                                EIC.
                                                                    Students who work in co-op jobs in private industry as 
1. Relationship,                                                    a part of a school's regular course of classroom and prac-
2. Age,                                                             tical training are considered full-time students.

3. Residency, and                                                   Permanently and totally disabled.      Your child is per-
                                                                    manently and totally disabled if, at any time in 2023, both 
4. Joint return.                                                    of the following apply.
Each test, and the SSN requirement, are discussed below.            1. Your child couldn't engage in any substantial gainful 
Relationship test.   In order to be classified as a quali-             activity because of a physical or mental condition.
fying child, your child must pass the relationship test. Your       2. A doctor determined the condition has lasted or can 
child passes this test if the child is your:                           be expected to last continuously for at least a year or 
 Son, daughter, stepchild, or foster child, or a descend-            can lead to death.
   ant of any of them (for example, your grandchild); or
                                                                    Residency test. In order to be classified as a qualify-
 Brother, sister, half brother, half sister, stepbrother, or      ing child, your child must pass the residency test. A child 
   stepsister, or a descendant of any of them (for exam-            passes the residency test if he or she has lived with you in 
   ple, your niece or nephew).                                      the United States for more than half of 2023.

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The IRS may ask you for documents to show you lived                    Second, even if your child doesn't file a joint return, if 
with each qualifying child. Documents you might want to                your child was married at the end of the year, he or she 
keep for this purpose include school and childcare records             can't be your qualifying child unless:
and other records that show your child's address.
                                                                       1. You can claim the child as a dependent, or
        You can't take the credit for a child who didn't live 
                                                                       2. The reason you can't claim the child as a dependent 
!       with  you  for  more  than  half  the  year  even  if  you     is that you let the child's other parent claim the child 
CAUTION paid most of the child's living expenses. But see 
below for allowable absences.                                          as a dependent under the special rule for divorced or 
                                                                       separated parents (or parents who live apart) descri-
The United States includes the 50 states and the Dis-                  bed in Pub. 596 and the Instructions for Form 1040.
trict of Columbia. It doesn't include U.S. territories such as 
Guam or Puerto Rico.                                                   Social  security  number  (SSN)  of  child.  In  order  to 
U.S.  Armed  Forces  personnel  stationed  outside  the                be classified as a qualifying child, your child must have a 
United States on extended active duty are considered to                valid SSN unless the child was born and died in 2023. If a 
live in the United States during that duty period for purpo-           child didn't have an SSN on or before the due date of your 
ses of the EIC. Extended active duty means you are called              return (including extensions), you can't count that child as 
or ordered to active duty for an indefinite period or for a            a qualifying child in figuring the EIC on either your original 
period of more than 90 days. Once you begin serving your               or an amended 2023 return, even if that child later gets an 
extended active duty, you are still considered to have been            SSN. You can't claim a higher EIC credit amount on the 
on extended active duty even if you don't serve more than              basis of a qualifying child if:
90 days.                                                               1. Your qualifying child's SSN is missing from your tax 
A child who was born or died in 2023 is treated as hav-                return or is incorrect;
ing lived with you for more than half of 2023 if your home 
was the child's home for more than half of the time he or              2. Your qualifying child's social security card says “Not 
she was alive in 2023.                                                 valid for employment” and was issued for use in get-
Count time that you or your child is away from home on                 ting a federally funded benefit; or
a  temporary  absence  due  to  a  special  circumstance  as           3. Instead of an SSN, your qualifying child has:
time  the  child  lived  with  you.  Examples  of  a  special  cir-
cumstance  include  illness,  school  attendance,  business,           a. An ITIN which is issued to a noncitizen who can't 
vacation,  military  service,  and  detention  in  a  juvenile  fa-         get an SSN; or
cility.                                                                b. An adoption taxpayer identification number 
An  adopted  child  in  2023,  and  that  child  was  lawfully              (ATIN), which is issued to adopting parents who 
placed with you for legal adoption by you in 2023, or the                   can't get an SSN for the child being adopted until 
child  was  an  eligible  foster  child  placed  with  you  during          the adoption is final.
2023,  the  child  is  considered  to  have  lived  with  you  for 
more than half of 2023 if your main home was this child's              If you have more than one qualifying child and only one 
main  home  for  more  than  half  the  time  he  or  she  was         has a valid SSN, you can claim a higher EIC credit amount 
adopted or placed with you in 2023.                                    only for that one child.
A kidnapped child is treated as living with you for more 
than  half  of  the  year  if  the  child  lived  with  you  for  more More information. For more information on the EIC, see 
than half the part of the year before the date of the kidnap-          Pub. 596.
ping or following the date of the child's return. The child 
must be presumed by law enforcement authorities to have                Claiming the EIC if I Don't Have a Qualifying 
been kidnapped by someone who isn't a member of your                   Child
family or your child's family. This treatment applies for all 
years until the child is returned. However, the last year this         If you don't have a qualifying child, you can take the credit 
treatment can apply is the earlier of:                                 if you satisfy all 11 of the following rules.
1. The year there is a determination that the child is                 1. You must have earned income (defined later).
   dead, or
                                                                       2. Your earned income and adjusted gross income must 
2. The year the child would have reached age 18.                       each be less than $17,640 ($24,240 for married filing 
                                                                       jointly).
If your qualifying child has been kidnapped and meets 
these  requirements,  enter  “KC,”  instead  of  a  number,  on        3. If you are married, see Pub. 596 for more details.
line 6 of Schedule EIC.
                                                                       4. You can't be a qualifying child of another person. You 
Joint return test.     In order to be classified as a quali-           automatically meet this requirement if you are claim-
fying  child,  your  child  must  satisfy  the  joint  return  test.   ing the EIC on a joint return.
There are two parts to this test.
                                                                       5. You must be at least age 25 but under age 65 at the 
First, the child can't file a joint return for the year (unless 
                                                                       end of 2023. If you are married filing a joint return, ei-
the joint return is filed only as a claim for refund of income 
                                                                       ther you or your spouse must be at least age 25 but 
tax withheld or estimated tax paid).
                                                                       under age 65 at the end of 2023. It doesn't matter 

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    which spouse meets the age test, as long as one of         Gross income received as a statutory employee.
    the spouses does. See Pub. 596 for more details.
                                                               Nontaxable combat zone pay if you elect to include it 
     You  meet  the  age  test  if  you  were  born  after  De-
                                                                 in earned income. See Can I treat my nontaxable com-
    cember 31, 1958, and before January 2, 1999. If you 
                                                                 bat zone pay as earned income? next.
    are married filing a joint return, you meet the age test 
    if either you or your spouse was born after December        Can  I  treat  my  nontaxable  combat  zone  pay  as 
    31, 1958, and before January 2, 1999.                      earned income? You can elect to include your nontaxa-
     If neither you nor your spouse meets the ages test,       ble combat zone pay in earned income for the EIC. If you 
    you can't claim the EIC. Enter “No” on the dotted line     make the election, you must include in earned income all 
    next to line 27 (Form 1040 or 1040-SR).                    nontaxable combat zone pay you received. If you are filing 
                                                               a joint return and both you and your spouse received non-
6. You can't be claimed as a dependent by anyone else 
                                                               taxable  combat  zone  pay,  you  can  each  make  your  own 
    on that person's return. You automatically meet this 
                                                               election. In other words, if one of you makes the election, 
    requirement if you are claiming the EIC on a joint re-
                                                               the other one can also make it but doesn't have to.
    turn.
                                                                The  amount  of  your  nontaxable  combat  zone  pay 
7. Your main home (and your spouse's, if filing a joint re-    should be shown on your Form W-2 in box 12 with code 
    turn) must be in the United States for more than half      Q.  Electing  to  include  nontaxable  combat  zone  pay  in 
    the year. Your home can be any location where you          earned income may increase or decrease your EIC.
    regularly live. You don't need a traditional home. (U.S.    Figure the credit with and without your nontaxable com-
    military personnel stationed outside the United States     bat  zone  pay  before  making  the  election.  Whether  the 
    on extended active duty, discussed earlier, are con-       election  increases  or  decreases  your  EIC  depends  on 
    sidered to be living in the United States.)                your  total  earned  income,  filing  status,  and  number  of 
                                                               qualifying  children.  If  your  earned  income  without  your 
8. You can't file Form 2555.
                                                               combat zone pay is less than the amount shown below for 
9. You must be a U.S. citizen or resident alien all year       your number of children, you may benefit from electing to 
    unless:                                                    include  your  nontaxable  combat  zone  pay  in  earned  in-
                                                               come and you should figure the credit both ways. If your 
    a. You are married to a U.S. citizen or a resident 
                                                               earned income without your combat zone pay is equal to 
       alien,
                                                               or  more  than  these  amounts,  you  won't  benefit  from  in-
    b. Your filing status is married filing jointly, and       cluding your combat zone pay in your earned income.
    c. You choose to be treated as a resident alien for        $7,840 if you have no qualifying children.
       the entire year.                                          $11,750 if you have one qualifying child.
                                                               
10. Certain investment income must be $11,000 or less          $16,510 if you have two or more qualifying children.
    during the year. For most people, this investment in-
    come is taxable interest and dividends, tax-exempt in-      The following examples illustrate the effect of including 
    terest, and capital gain net income. See Worksheet 1       nontaxable  combat  zone  pay  in  earned  income  for  the 
    in Pub. 596 for more information on the investment in-     EIC.
    come includible in the amount that must meet the 
                                                                Example  1—Election  increases  the  EIC.                Gray  and 
    $11,000 limit.
                                                               Jaidyn are married, were born in 1988, and will file a joint 
11. You (and your spouse, if filing a joint return) must have  return.  They  have  one  qualifying  child.  Gray  was  in  the 
    a valid SSN.                                               Army  and  earned  $15,000  ($5,000  taxable  wages  + 
                                                               $10,000  nontaxable  combat  zone  pay).  Jaidyn  worked 
How to report. If you satisfy all 11 of these rules, fill out  part of the year and earned $2,000. Their taxable earned 
the EIC Worksheet in your tax form instructions to figure      income and AGI are both $7,000. Gray and Jaidyn qualify 
the amount of your credit.                                     for the EIC and fill out the EIC Worksheet in the Form 1040 
                                                               instructions and Schedule EIC.
More information. For more information, see Pub. 596.           When they complete the EIC Worksheet without adding 
                                                               the nontaxable combat zone pay to their earned income, 
How Do I Figure My Earned Income?                              they  find  their  credit  to  be  $2,389.  When  they  complete 
                                                               the EIC Worksheet with the nontaxable combat zone pay 
When figuring your earned income for the EIC, you must         added to their earned income, they find their credit to be 
know what  counts  as  earned  income  as  well  as      what  $3,584.  Because  making  the  election  will  increase  their 
doesn't  count  as  earned  income.  Both  categories  of  in- EIC, they elect to add the nontaxable combat zone pay to 
come are described below.                                      their  earned  income  for  the  EIC.  They  enter  $3,584  on 
What is included in my earned income for the EIC?              line  27  and  they  enter  $10,000  on  line  1i  of  their  Form 
For  purposes  of  the  EIC,  earned  income  generally  in-   1040. They also enter the amount of their nontaxable pay 
cludes the following.                                          and enter “NCP” in the space to the left of line 27 on Form 
                                                               1040.
  Wages, salaries, tips, and other taxable employee pay.
  Net earnings from self-employment.

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Example 2—Election doesn't increase the EIC.        The            Credit for Excess Social Security Tax 
facts are the same as in Example 1, except Gray had non-
taxable  combat  pay  of  $30,000.  When  Gray  and  Jaidyn        Withheld
add their nontaxable combat pay to their earned income, 
they find their credit to be $1,771. Because the credit they       Most  employers  must  withhold  social  security  tax  from 
can  get  if  they  don't  add  the  nontaxable  combat  pay  to   your  wages.  If  you  worked  for  two  or  more  employers  in 
their  earned  income  is  $2,389,  they  decide  not  to  make    2023  and  you  earned  more  than  $160,200,  you  may  be 
the  election.  They  enter  $2,389  on  line  27  of  their  Form able to take the credit for excess social security tax with-
1040.                                                              held.  The  maximum  amount  of  social  security  tax  that 
                                                                   should have been withheld for 2023 is $9,932.40. You are 
What isn't earned income for the EIC?  When figuring               eligible for the credit for excess social security tax withheld 
your earned income for purposes of the EIC, don't include          only if you had more than one employer. You should use 
any of these amounts.                                              the Credit for Excess Social Security Tax Withheld Work-
                                                                   sheet to figure your credit.
 Basic pay or special, bonus, or other incentive pay 
   that is subject to the combat zone exclusion (unless                      All wages are subject to Medicare tax withholding.
   you make the election described earlier under Can I                !
   treat my nontaxable combat zone pay as earned in-                  CAUTION
   come).
                                                                   What  if  one  of  my  employers  withheld  more  than 
 Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH).                              $9,932.40?      If  any  one  employer  withheld  more  than 
 Basic Allowance for Subsistence (BAS).                          $9,932.40 in social security taxes in 2023, you can't take a 
                                                                   credit  for  the  excess  social  security  tax  withheld  over 
 Any other nontaxable employee compensation.                     $9,932.40 by that employer. The employer should adjust 
 Interest and dividends.                                         the tax for you. If the employer doesn't adjust the overcol-
                                                                   lection,  you  can  file  a  claim  for  refund  using  Form  843, 
 Social security and railroad retirement benefits.
                                                                   Claim for Refund and Request for Abatement.
 Certain workfare payments.
                                                                   Joint return.   If you are filing a joint return, you can't add 
 Pensions or annuities.
                                                                   the social security tax withheld from your spouse's wages 
 Veterans' benefits (including VA rehabilitation pay-            to  the  amount  withheld  from  your  wages  in  determining 
   ments).                                                         whether you or your spouse had excess social security tax 
 Workers' compensation.                                          withheld.  You  must  figure  the  withholding  separately  for 
                                                                   you and your spouse to determine if either of you has ex-
 Unemployment compensation.                                      cess withholding.
 Alimony and child support.
                                                                   Credit for Excess Social Security Tax Withheld Work-
                                                                   sheet.    You can use the Credit for Excess Social Security 
The IRS Can Figure Your Credit for You                             Tax  Withheld  Worksheet  to  figure  your  credit  for  excess 
                                                                   social security tax withheld on wages in 2023 only if you 
There are certain instructions you must follow before the 
                                                                   had no wages in 2023 from employers that were railroads. 
IRS can figure the credit for you. See IRS Will Figure the 
                                                                   If you worked for a railroad employer in 2023, see                                  Do I fig-
EIC for You in Pub. 596.
                                                                   ure my credit differently if I am a railroad employee? next.
                                                                      Do  I  figure  my  credit  differently  if  I  am  a  railroad 
                                                                   employee?       If you work for a railroad employer, the dis-
                                                                   cussion in this section doesn't apply to you. Your railroad 
Credit for Excess Social Security Tax Withheld Worksheet
 If you received wages from a railroad employer, you can't use this worksheet. See Do I figure my credit differently if I am a railroad 
employee. 
 If you had only one employer, don't use this worksheet. Instead, see What if one of my employers withheld more than $9,932.40?.
1. Add all social security tax withheld (but not more than $9,932.40 for each employer). Enter 
   the total here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.  
2. Enter any uncollected social security tax on wages, tips, or group-term life insurance 
   included in the total on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                              2.  
3. Add lines 1 and 2. If $9,932.40 or less, stop here. You can't take the credit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                       3.  
4. Social security tax limit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       4. 9,932.40
5. Subtract line 4 from line 3. This is your excess social security tax withheld credit. Enter the 
   result here and on Schedule 3 (Form 1040), line 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             5.  

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employer must withhold tier 1 railroad retirement (RRTA)           Except as limited in   Deadline for Filing a Claim for Tax 
tax  and  tier  2  RRTA  tax.  See  chapter  2  of  Pub.  505  for Forgiveness, later, forgiveness applies to:
more information.
                                                                   The tax year death occurred, and
How to take the credit. Enter the credit on Schedule 3             Any earlier tax year ending on or after the first day the 
(Form 1040), line 11.                                                member served in the combat zone in active service.
                                                                   In  addition,  any  unpaid  taxes  for  years  ending  before 
                                                                   the member began service in a combat zone will be for-
First-Time Homebuyer Credit                                        given and any of those taxes that are paid after the date of 
                                                                   death will be refunded.
Repayment
                                                                   The beneficiary or trustee of the estate of a deceased 
If you claimed a first-time homebuyer tax credit for a home        servicemember doesn't have to pay tax on any amount re-
purchased  after  April  9,  2008,  and  before  May  1,  2010,    ceived  that  would  have  been  included  (had  the  service-
you must generally repay the first-time homebuyer credit           member  not  died)  in  the  deceased  member's  gross  in-
over  a  15-year  period  in  15  equal  installments.  For  your  come for the year of death.
2023  (and  later)  tax  returns,  the  repayment  requirement 
will only apply to a home you bought during that time pe-          Service  outside  combat  zone. These  rules  also  apply 
riod.                                                              to  a  member  of  the  Armed  Forces  serving  outside  the 
                                                                   combat zone if the service:
For  more  information,  see  Form  5405,  Repayment  of 
the First-Time Homebuyer Credit, and its instructions.             Was in direct support of military operations in the 
                                                                     zone, and
                                                                   Qualified the member for special military pay for duty 
Forgiveness of Decedent's Tax                                        subject to hostile fire or imminent danger.
                                                                   For a description of combat zone, see Combat Zone De-
Liability                                                          fined, earlier, under Combat Zone Exclusion.

Tax liability can be forgiven if a member of the U.S. Armed        Missing status. The date of death for a member of the 
Forces dies:                                                       Armed Forces who was in a missing status (missing in ac-
While in active service in a combat zone (see Combat             tion or prisoner of war) is the date his or her name is re-
  Zone Related Forgiveness, later);                                moved from missing status for military pay purposes. This 
                                                                   is true even if death actually occurred earlier.
From wounds, disease, or injury received in a combat 
  zone (see Combat Zone Related Forgiveness, later); 
  or                                                               Terrorist or Military Action
From wounds or injury incurred in a terrorist or military        Related Forgiveness
  action (see  Terrorist or Military Action Related Forgive-
                                                                   Terrorist or military action related forgiveness occurs when 
  ness, later).
                                                                   an individual meets both of the following criteria.
What  does  tax  forgiveness  mean?       When  there  is  tax     Is a member of the U.S. Armed Forces at death.
forgiveness, the following occurs.
                                                                   Dies from wounds or injury incurred while a member of 
If the tax being forgiven hasn't yet been paid, it may             the U.S. Armed Forces in a terrorist or military action.
  not have to be paid.
                                                                   Except as limited in   Deadline for Filing a Claim for Tax 
If the tax being forgiven has been paid, the payment             Forgiveness, later, forgiveness applies to:
  may be refunded.
                                                                   The tax year death occurred, and
How  Do  I  Make  a  Claim  for  Tax  Forgiveness,  later,  pro-
vides details.                                                     Any earlier tax year in the period beginning with the 
                                                                     year before the year in which the wounds or injury oc-
                                                                     curred.
Combat Zone Related Forgiveness
                                                                   A terrorist or military action is any terrorist activity primarily 
Combat zone related forgiveness occurs when an individ-            directed against the United States or its allies or any mili-
ual meets both of the following criteria.                          tary action involving the U.S. Armed Forces and resulting 
                                                                   from violence or aggression against the United States or 
1. Is a member of the U.S. Armed Forces at death.
                                                                   its allies (or threat thereof).
2. Dies while in active service in a combat zone, or at 
  any place from wounds, disease, or injury incurred               Any multinational force in which the United States par-
  while in active service in a combat zone.                        ticipates is considered an ally of the United States.
                                                                   The beneficiary or trustee of the estate of a deceased 
                                                                   servicemember  doesn't  have  to  pay  tax  on  any  amount 

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received that would have been included (had the service-         2. Figure the income tax for which the spouse would 
member  not  died)  in  the  deceased  member's  gross  in-        have been liable if a separate return had been filed, 
come for the year of death.                                        and
Example. Army  Private  John  Kane  died  in  2023  of           3. Multiply the joint tax liability by a fraction. The top 
wounds incurred in a terrorist attack in 2022. His income          number of the fraction is the amount in (1) above. The 
tax liability is forgiven for all tax years from 2021 through      bottom number of the fraction is the total of (1) and (2) 
2023.                                                              above.
                                                                 The amount in (3) is the decedent's tax liability that is eligi-
How Do I Make a Claim for Tax                                    ble for the refund or tax forgiveness. If you are unable to 
Forgiveness?                                                     complete this process, you should attach a statement of 
                                                                 all income and deductions, indicating the part that belongs 
                                                                 to each spouse. The IRS will determine the amount eligi-
How Is Tax Forgiveness Claimed?                                  ble for forgiveness.
If the decedent's tax liability is forgiven, the personal rep-    Computation when in a community property state. 
resentative should take the following steps.                     If  the  decedent's  legal  residence  was  in  a  community 
                                                                 property  state  and  the  spouse  reported  half  the  military 
Step 1: File the proper form. The form filed to claim the        pay on a separate return, the spouse can get a refund of 
tax forgiveness depends on whether a return has already          taxes paid on his or her share of the pay for the years in-
been filed for the tax year.                                     volved. The forgiveness of unpaid tax on the military pay 
 File a paper Form 1040 or 1040-SR if a tax return             would also apply to the half owed by the spouse for the 
   hasn't been filed for the tax year. Form W-2 must ac-         years involved. See Community Property, earlier, for a dis-
   company the return.                                           cussion of community property.

 File a paper Form 1040-X if a tax return has been filed.      Step  4:  Provide  Form  1310,  if  required. Form  1310 
   A separate paper Form 1040-X must be filed for each           must accompany the return unless the person filing the re-
   year in question.                                             turn is:
Step  2:  Properly  identify  the  return. Properly  identify    A surviving spouse filing an original or amended joint 
the return by providing the conflict or action on which the        return, or
claim for tax forgiveness is based.                                A personal representative filing an original Form 1040 
                                                                 
 All returns and claims must be identified by writing            or 1040-SR for the decedent and a court certificate 
   “Iraqi Freedom—KIA,” “Enduring Freedom—KIA,” “Ko-               showing the appointment as personal representative 
   sovo Operation—KIA,” “Desert Storm—KIA,” or “For-               is attached to the return.
   mer Yugoslavia—KIA” in bold letters on the top of 
   page 1 of the return or claim.                                Step 5: Provide the death certification.  The death cer-
                                                                 tification must come from the proper agency.
 On Forms 1040, 1040-SR, and 1040-X, the phrase                 For military and civilian employees of the DoD, certifica-
   “Iraqi Freedom—KIA,”  “Enduring Freedom—KIA,”                 tion must be made by the Department on DD Form 1300, 
   “Kosovo Operation—KIA,”  “Desert Storm—KIA,” or               Report of Casualty.
   “Former Yugoslavia—KIA” must be written on the line            For civilian employees of all other agencies who are kil-
   for total tax.                                                led overseas, certification must be a letter signed by the 
 If the individual was killed in a terrorist action, write     Director  General  of  the  Foreign  Service,  Department  of 
   “KITA” on the front of the return and on the line for total   State, or his or her delegate. The certification must include 
   tax.                                                          the deceased individual's name and SSN, the date of in-
                                                                 jury, the date of death, and a statement that the individual 
Step  3:  Include  a  before  and  after  tax  forgiveness       died as the result of a terrorist or military action. If the indi-
computation. Include an attachment with a computation            vidual died as a result of a terrorist or military action out-
of the decedent's tax liability before any amount is forgiven    side  the  United  States,  the  statement  must  also  include 
and  the  amount  that  is  to  be  forgiven.  For  computations the  fact  that  the  individual  was  a  U.S.  employee  on  the 
when  the  decedent  has  filed  joint  returns  or  the  spouse date of injury and on the date of death.
has filed as married filing separately, see below.
                                                                 Can I get more time to file if I don't have enough tax 
Computation  when  the  decedent  filed  joint  re-              information  by  the  deadline? If  the  death  certification 
turns. Only the decedent's part of the joint income tax lia-     required  in Step  5  has  been  received  but  there  isn't 
bility is eligible for the refund or tax forgiveness. To deter-  enough tax information to file a timely claim for refund, file 
mine the decedent's part, the person filing the claim must:      Form 1040-X with Form 1310 by the deadline. Include a 
1. Figure the income tax for which the decedent would            statement  saying  that  an  amended  claim  will  be  filed  as 
   have been liable if a separate return had been filed,         soon as the necessary tax information is available. File the 
                                                                 amended Form 1040-X as soon as you get the needed tax 
                                                                 information.

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Who Can File a Claim for Tax Forgiveness?                            ship? If you have entered into a registered domestic part-
                                                                     nership, a civil union, or other similar relationship that isn't 
If a member of the Armed Forces dies, a surviving spouse             considered  a  marriage  under  state  (or  foreign)  law,  you 
or  personal  representative  handles  duties  such  as  filing      aren't  considered  married  for  federal  tax  purposes.  You 
any tax returns and claims for refund involving tax forgive-         must  select  single  (or  head  of  household,  if  eligible)  as 
ness.  A  personal  representative  can  be  an  executor,  an       your filing status. For more details, see Pub. 501.
administrator,  or  anyone  who  is  in  charge  of  the  dece-
dent's assets.                                                       Where To File My Return

Deadline for Filing a Claim for Tax                                  Electronic  filing  (e-filing)  of  your  tax  return. You  are 
Forgiveness                                                          encouraged to e-file your return. Eight in 10 taxpayers get 
                                                                     their refunds faster by using direct deposit and    e-file. You 
Whether a credit or refund is requested, generally, the pe-          may be eligible to e-file your 2023 federal income tax re-
riod for filing the claim is 3 years from the time the return        turn free through Free File. Go to IRS.gov/Efile for more in-
was filed or 2 years from the time the tax was paid, which-          formation on e-filing and Free File.
ever expires later. If the decedent's return was filed before        If you e-file your return, there is no need to mail it.
it  was  due,  it  will  be  considered  filed  on  the regular  due 
                                                                     Paper returns. A tax return for forgiveness of decedent's 
date, usually April 15.
                                                                     tax liability, discussed earlier, must be filed on paper. For 
Extension  of  deadline  when  the  death  is  combat                the  address  where  those  returns  should  be  filed,  see 
zone related.  If the death occurred in a combat zone or             Where To File a Return Requesting Tax Forgiveness       under 
from wounds, disease, or injury incurred in a combat zone,           Forgiveness of Decedent's Tax Liability, earlier.
the deadline for filing a claim for credit or refund is exten-
ded using the rules discussed later under Are There Fil-             If you choose to file a federal income tax return on pa-
ing,  Tax  Payment,  and  Other  Extensions  Specifically  for       per and you aren't claiming tax forgiveness on the return, 
Those in a Combat Zone or a Contingency Operation.                   send your federal tax return to the Internal Revenue Serv-
                                                                     ice Center for the place where you live. The Instructions 
                                                                     for Form 1040 give the address for the Service Centers. If 
Where To File a Return Requesting Tax 
                                                                     you are overseas and have an APO or FPO address, file 
Forgiveness                                                          your return with the Internal Revenue Service Center listed 
                                                                     for an APO or FPO address.
A return requesting tax forgiveness must be filed at the fol-
lowing address.                                                      Example.     Sgt.  Kane,  who  is  stationed  in  Maine  but 
                                                                     whose  permanent  home  address  is  in  California,  should 
Internal Revenue Service                                             send her federal return to the Service Center for Maine.
333 W. Pershing Street, Stop 6503, P5
Kansas City, MO 64108
                                                                     When To File My Return

                                                                     Most individuals must file their tax returns by the    regular 
Filing Returns                                                       due date. You may be eligible for an extension. Some ex-
                                                                     tensions  are  automatic,  some  aren't.  See Extensions  of 
This  section  discusses  the  procedures  members  of  the          Deadlines To File Your Tax Return, To Pay Your Taxes, and 
Armed  Forces  should  follow  when  filing  their  federal  in-     for Other Actions, later.
come tax returns. These same rules apply when the return 
is filed on behalf of a member of the Armed Forces, for ex-          What Is the Regular Due Date of My Return?
ample, by a tax preparer or by a surviving spouse or per-
sonal  representative.  Special  rules  apply  when  filing  re-     For calendar-year taxpayers, the regular due date is April 
turns for those involved in a combat zone or a contingency           15  of  the  following  year.  If  April  15  falls  on  a  Saturday, 
operation. See Are There Filing, Tax Payment, and Other              Sunday,  or  legal  holiday,  your  tax  return  is  considered 
Extensions Specifically for Those in a Combat Zone or a              timely filed if it is filed by the next business day that isn't a 
Contingency Operation, later.                                        Saturday,  Sunday,  or  legal  holiday.  For  2023  tax  returns, 
                                                                     the regular due date is April 15, 2024.
What  is  my  filing  status  if  I  am  in  a  same-sex  mar-
riage? For federal tax purposes, marriages of couples of 
the same sex are treated the same as marriages of cou-
ples of the opposite sex. The term “spouse” includes an              When Is the Latest I Can Pay 
individual married to a person of the same sex. You must 
select  married,  or  married  filing  separately,  as  your  filing My Tax?
status.
                                                                     You should always pay your tax by the regular due date for 
What is my filing status if I am in a registered domes-              filing your return. An extension of time to file doesn't mean 
tic partnership, civil union, or other similar relation-             you  have  an  extension  of  time  to  pay  any  tax  due.  You 

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must estimate your tax due and pay it by the regular due            Can I Get an Extension To Pay My Tax if I Am Not in a 
date for the return unless you qualify for one of the exten-          Combat Zone or a Contingency Operation?
sions  described  in Can  I  delay  my  payment  of  income 
taxes? next. You don't have to send in any payment of tax           Can I Get an Extension To File My 
due when you file Form 4868. However, if you pay the tax 
after  the  regular  due  date,  you  will  be  charged  interest   Return if I Am Not in a Combat Zone 
from the regular due date to the date the tax is paid. You          or a Contingency Operation?
may also be charged a penalty for paying the tax late un-
less  you  have  an  explanation  meeting  reasonable-cause         If you aren't in a combat zone or a contingency operation, 
criteria for not paying your tax when due. (If you have an          you may still be eligible for an extension of time to file your 
explanation meeting the criteria for reasonable-cause, in-          return. Different rules apply depending on whether you live 
clude it with your return.)                                         inside or outside the United States.
You  can  pay  your  taxes  by  authorizing  an  electronic 
funds withdrawal from your checking or savings account.             Getting an Extension if I Am Inside the 
For the various ways to electronically pay your taxes, see          United States
your tax return instructions or go to IRS.gov/Payments. Or 
you can mail a Form 1040-V with the payment. See Form               If you are inside the United States, you can receive an au-
1040-V and its instructions at IRS.gov/Form1040V.                   tomatic 6-month extension to file your return by the regular 
                                                                    due date of your return, you either file Form 4868 or pay 
Can  I  delay  my  payment  of  income  taxes?    If  you           any part of your expected tax due by credit or debit card. 
are a member of the Armed Forces, you may qualify for an            You  can  file  Form  4868  electronically  or  on  paper.  See 
extension of time to pay income tax that becomes due be-            Form 4868 for details.
fore or during your military service.
If you serve in a combat zone, have qualifying service               This extension of time to file is automatic, and you won't 
outside a combat zone, or are outside the United States in          receive any notice of approval. However, your request for 
a contingency operation, you may be eligible for the exten-         an extension will be denied if it isn't made timely. The IRS 
sion  discussed  in  Are  There  Filing,  Tax  Payment,  and        will inform you of the denial.
Other Extensions Specifically for Those in a Combat Zone                    You  can't  use  the  automatic  extension  if  you 
or a Contingency Operation, later.                                   !      choose to have the IRS figure the tax or you are 
If you don't meet the criteria detailed in Are There Fil-           CAUTION under a court order to file your return by the regu-
ing,  Tax  Payment,  and  Other  Extensions  Specifically  for      lar due date.
Those in a Combat Zone or a Contingency Operation, you 
may still be able to extend the time to pay your tax. See 
Can  I  Get  an  Extension  To  Pay  My  Tax  if  I  Am  Not  in  a Where on my return do I enter the amount paid with 
Combat Zone or a Contingency Operation, later.                      my  request  for  an  extension?    Enter  the  amount  you 
                                                                    paid  with  your  request  for  the  extension  on  Schedule  3 
      If you are unable to pay the tax owed by the end of           (Form 1040), line 10.
TIP   the extension period, you may want to ask the IRS 
      for an installment payment agreement that reflects            Getting an Extension if I Am Outside the 
your ability to pay the tax owed. To do that, go online to 
                                                                    United States and Puerto Rico
IRS.gov/OPA  to  apply  for  an  online  payment  agreement. 
Or  download  and  file  Form  9465,  which  is  available  at      If you are outside the United States and Puerto Rico, there 
IRS.gov/Form9465.                                                   are two automatic extensions that apply to you and a third 
                                                                    extension that is discretionary.

                                                                    The  automatic  2-month  extension. If  you  are  a  U.S. 
Extensions of Deadlines To File                                     citizen  or  resident  alien,  you  qualify  for  an  automatic 
                                                                    2-month  extension  of  time  without  filing  Form  4868  if  ei-
Your Tax Return, To Pay Your                                        ther of the following situations applies to you.
Taxes, and for Other Actions                                          Situation 1. You live outside the United States and 
                                                                      Puerto Rico and your main place of business or post of 
In this section, we discuss extensions of the deadlines for           duty is outside the United States and Puerto Rico.
tax return filing, tax payments, and other actions. We dis-
cuss extensions related to combat zone service and con-               Situation 2. You are in military or naval service on an 
                                                                      assigned tour of duty outside the United States and 
tingency operations, and those not related to combat zone 
                                                                      Puerto Rico for a period that includes the entire due 
service and contingency operations.
                                                                      date of the return.
 Can I Get an Extension To File My Return if I Am Not             You will be charged interest on any amount not paid by the 
   in a Combat Zone or a Contingency Operation?                     regular due date until the date the tax is paid.
 Are There Filing, Tax Payment, and Other Extensions               If you use this automatic extension, you must attach a 
   Specifically for Those in a Combat Zone or a                     statement to the return showing that you are described in 
   Contingency Operation?                                           Situation 1 or 2 above.

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What if I'm filing a joint return? A married couple fil-          designated by the Secretary of Defense or results in 
ing a joint return is given the automatic 2-month extension       calling members of the uniformed services to active 
if one of the spouses met the requirement under Situation         duty (or retains them on active duty) during a war or a 
1 or Situation 2 above.                                           national emergency declared by the President or Con-
                                                                  gress.
What if I'm filing as married filing separately? For 
married  persons  filing  separate  returns,  only  the  spouse See Combat Zone Defined, earlier, under Combat Zone 
who satisfies the criteria in Situation 1 or Situation 2 quali- Exclusion,  for  the  beginning  dates  for  the  Afghanistan 
fies for the automatic 2-month extension.                       area combat zone, the Kosovo area combat zone, the Ara-
                                                                bian Peninsula combat zone, and the Sinai Peninsula, and 
The  additional  automatic  4-month  extension  (Form 
                                                                the beginning and ending dates for the former Yugoslavia.
4868). You can request an additional 4-month extension 
by filing Form 4868 by June 15, 2024, for a 2023 calen-         Do the extensions apply to those in missing status? 
dar-year tax return. Check the box on line 8. This will ex-     Time in a missing status (missing in action or prisoner of 
tend your due date to October 15, 2024, if you are a calen-     war) counts as time in a combat zone or a contingency op-
dar-year taxpayer.                                              eration.

The  additional  discretionary  2-month  extension.     In      Do  the  extensions  apply  to  support  personnel? 
addition to the 6-month extension (automatic 2-month and        Deadlines are also extended if you are serving in a com-
additional  automatic  4-month  extensions),  you  can  re-     bat  zone  or  a  contingency  operation  in  support  of  the 
quest a discretionary 2-month additional extension of time      Armed Forces. This applies to Red Cross personnel, ac-
to file your return to December 15, 2024, if you are a cal-     credited correspondents, and civilian personnel acting un-
endar-year taxpayer.                                            der the direction of the Armed Forces in support of those 
To request this extension, you must send the IRS a let-         forces.
ter explaining the reasons why you need the additional 2 
months. Send the letter by the extended due date (Octo-         Do the extensions apply to spouses? Spouses of indi-
ber 15, 2024, if you are a calendar-year taxpayer) to the       viduals who served in a combat zone or contingency oper-
following address.                                              ation are entitled to the same deadline extensions with two 
                                                                exceptions.
  Department of the Treasury
  Internal Revenue Service Center                               The extension doesn't apply to a spouse for any tax 
  Austin, TX 73301-0045                                           year beginning more than 2 years after the date the 
                                                                  area ceases to be a combat zone or the operation 
You won’t receive any notification from the IRS unless            ceases to be a contingency operation.
your request is denied.                                         The extension doesn't apply to a spouse for any pe-
                                                                  riod the qualifying individual is hospitalized in the Uni-
Are There Filing, Tax Payment, and                                ted States for injuries incurred in a combat zone or 
                                                                  contingency operation.
Other Extensions Specifically for 
Those in a Combat Zone or a                                     How Much Extra Time Do These Extensions 
Contingency Operation?                                          Give Me?

The postponements for filing, tax payment, and the other        Your deadline for filing your return, paying your tax, claim-
actions listed in For Which Actions Are My Deadlines Ex-        ing a refund, and taking other actions with the IRS is ex-
tended, later, such as collection and examination actions,      tended in two steps.
are specifically for persons in the Armed Forces in combat 
zones or contingency operations. As noted in some of our        First, your deadline is extended for 180 days after the 
earlier discussions, these postponements are referred to        later of the following.
as “extensions of deadlines.”                                   1. The last day you are in a combat zone, have qualifying 
                                                                  service outside of the combat zone, or serve in a con-
What Type of Service Will Qualify Me for                          tingency operation (or the last day the area qualifies 
These Extensions?                                                 as a combat zone or the operation qualifies as a con-
                                                                  tingency operation).
You will qualify for these extensions if either of the follow-  2. The last day of any continuous qualified hospitaliza-
ing statements is true.                                           tion (defined later) for injury from service in the com-
You serve in the Armed Forces in a combat zone or               bat zone or contingency operation or while performing 
  you have qualifying service outside of a combat zone.           qualifying service outside of the combat zone.

You serve in the Armed Forces on deployment outside           Second,  in  addition  to  the  180  days,  your  deadline  is 
  the United States away from your permanent duty sta-          extended by the number of days that were left for you to 
  tion while participating in a contingency operation. A        take the action with the IRS when you entered a combat 
  contingency operation is a military operation that is         zone (or began performing qualifying service outside the 

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combat  zone)  or  began  serving  in  a  contingency  opera-         zone or a contingency operation. Qualified hospitalization 
tion. If you entered the combat zone or began serving in              means:
the contingency operation before the period of time to take 
                                                                      Any hospitalization outside the United States, and
the action began, your deadline is extended by the entire 
period of time you have to take the action. For example,              Up to 5 years of hospitalization in the United States.
you had 3 /  months (January 1–April 15, 2023) to file your 1 2
2022  tax  return.  Any  days  of  this  3 / -month  period  that 1 2  Example.     Petty Officer Leonard Brown's ship entered 
were left when you entered the combat zone (or the entire             the  Persian  Gulf  on  January  5,  2022.  On  February  15, 
3 /  months if you entered the combat zone by January 1, 1 2          2022, Petty Officer Brown, a resident of Maryland, was in-
2023)  are  added  to  the  180  days  when  determining  the         jured and was flown to a U.S. hospital. He remained in the 
last day allowed for filing your 2022 tax return.                     hospital  through  April  21,  2023.  The  deadlines  for  filing 
                                                                      Petty  Officer  Brown's  2021,  2022,  and  2023  returns  are 
 Example  1. Captain  Margaret  Jones,  a  resident  of               figured as follows.
Maryland,  entered  Saudi  Arabia  on  December  1,  2021.              The 2021 tax return. The deadline is February 27, 
She  remained  there  through  March  31,  2023,  when  she             2024. Petty Officer Brown has 312 days (180 plus 132) 
departed  for  the  United  States.  She  wasn't  injured  and          after his last day in the hospital (April 21, 2023) to file 
didn't return to the combat zone. The deadlines for filing              his 2021 return. The 132 additional days are the num-
Captain Jones' 2021, 2022, and 2023 returns are figured                 ber of days in the 3 / -month filing period that were left 1 2
as follows.                                                             when he entered the combat zone (January 5–May 17, 
   The 2021 tax return. The deadline is January 15,                     2021).
   2024. This deadline is 288 days (180 plus 108) after                 The 2022 tax return. The deadline is February 3, 
   Captain Jones' last day in the combat zone (March 31,                2024. Petty Officer Brown has 288 days (180 plus 
   2023). The 108 additional days are the number of days                108 ) after April 21, 2022, to file his 2022 tax return. 
   in the 3 / -month filing period that were left when she 1 2          The additional days are the number of days in the 
   entered the combat zone (January 1–April 18, 2022).                  2022 filing period that were left when he entered the 
   The 2022 tax return. The deadline is January 15,                     combat zone (January 1–April 18, 2022).
   2024. The deadline is 288 days (180 plus 108) after                  The 2023 tax return. The deadline isn't extended be-
   Captain Jones' last day in the combat zone (March 31,                cause the 180-day extension period after April 21, 
   2023). The 108 additional days are the number of days                2023, plus the number of days left in the filing period 
   in the 3 / -month filing period that were left when she 1 2          when he entered the combat zone (108) ends on Feb-
   entered the combat zone (January 1–April 18, 2023).                  ruary 1, 2024, which is before the due date for his 
   The 2023 tax return. The deadline isn't extended be-                 2023 return (April 15, 2024).
   cause the 180-day extension period after March 31, 
   2023, plus the number of days left in the filing period            For Which Actions Are My Deadlines 
   when she entered the combat zone (108) ends on                     Extended?
   January 11, 2024, which is before the due date for her 
   2023 return (April 15, 2024).                                      The actions to which this deadline extension provision ap-
    When the due date for doing any act for tax pur-                  plies include:
TIP poses—filing a return, paying taxes, etc.—falls on                Filing any return of income, estate, gift, employment, 
    a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the due date                  or excise tax;
is delayed until the next business day.
                                                                      Paying any income, estate, gift, employment, or excise 
                                                                        tax;
 Example 2. You generally have 3 years from April 18, 
2023,  to  file  a  claim  for  refund  against  your  timely  filed  Filing a petition with the Tax Court for redetermination 
2022 tax return. This means that your claim must normally               of a deficiency, or for review of a Tax Court decision;
be filed by April 20, 2026. However, if you serve in a com-           Filing a claim for credit or refund of any tax;
bat  zone  from  November  3,  2025,  through  March  23, 
2026, and aren't injured, your deadline for filing that claim         Bringing suit for any claim for credit or refund;
is extended 349 days (180 plus 169) after you leave the               Making a qualified retirement contribution to an IRA;
combat zone. This extends your deadline to April 5, 2027. 
The  169  additional  days  are  the  number  of  days  in  the       Allowing a credit or refund of any tax by the IRS;
3-year period for filing the refund claim that were left when         Assessment of any tax by the IRS;
you entered the combat zone on November 3 (November                     Giving or making any notice or demand by the IRS for 
                                                                      
3, 2025–April 20, 2026).                                                the payment of any tax, or for any liability for any tax;
Qualified  hospitalization. The  hospitalization  must  be            Collection by the IRS of any tax due (Note. As a result 
the result of an injury received while serving in a combat              of section 309 of Public Law 114-113, item 2 under 
                                                                        How Much Extra Time Do These Extensions Give Me, 
                                                                        earlier, discussing continuous qualified hospitalization 
                                                                        doesn't apply when figuring the period for the IRS to 

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    take collection actions for taxes, even those assessed       How do I request an extension of time to pay my tax? 
    before the law was enacted); and                             If you have a current payment agreement (such as an in-
                                                                 stallment agreement), you must make a written request for 
  Bringing suit by the United States for any tax due.
                                                                 an extension of time to pay the tax to the IRS office where 
If  the  IRS  takes  any  actions  covered  by  these  provi-    you have the agreement.
sions or sends you a notice of examination before learning       If  you  don't  have  a  current  payment  agreement,  you 
that you are entitled to an extension of the deadline, con-      must wait until you receive a notice asking for payment be-
tact your legal assistance office. No penalties or interest      fore you request an extension of time to pay the tax. Once 
will be imposed for failure to file a return or pay taxes dur-   you have received a notice, you must make a written re-
ing the extension period.                                        quest for an extension of time to pay the tax to the IRS of-
                                                                 fice that issued the notice.
Other actions to which the deadline extension provision          In either case, your request must include:
applies are listed in Revenue Procedure 2018-58, availa-           Your name,
ble at IRS.gov/irb/2018-50_IRB#RP-2018-58.
                                                                   Social security number,
       Even  though  the  deadline  is  extended,  you  may 
TIP    want to file a return earlier to receive any refund         Monthly income and source of income before military 
       due. See Filing Returns, earlier.                             service,
                                                                   Description and amount of expenses incurred be-
                                                                     cause of military service if current monthly income is 
Can I Get an Extension To Pay My Tax                                 greater than monthly income before military service,
if I Am Not in a Combat Zone or a 
                                                                   Current monthly income,
Contingency Operation?
                                                                   Military rank,
If  you  are  a  member  of  the  Armed  Forces  or  a  commis-    Date you entered military service, and
sioned officer of the Public Health Service or the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, you may qualify            Date you are eligible for discharge.
for an extension to pay (that is, defer or delay payment of)     If possible, enclosing a copy of your orders would be help-
income tax that becomes due before or during your mili-          ful.
tary service. To qualify, you must:
                                                                 How will I know if my request for an extension of time 
  Be performing military service, and                          to pay the tax has been granted?        The IRS will review 
  Notify the IRS that your ability to pay the income tax       your  request  and  advise  you  in  writing  of  its  decision. 
    has been materially affected by your military service        Should you need further assistance, go to    IRS.gov/UAC/
    (defined later).                                             Tax-Law-Questions for a wide selection of resources.
You will then be allowed up to 180 days after termina-
tion or release from military service to pay the tax. If you 
pay the tax in full by the end of the extension period, you      Maximum Rate of Interest 
won't be charged interest or penalties for that period.
                                                                 When There Is Hardship
This exception doesn't apply to the employee's share of 
social security and Medicare taxes.                              If the deferment is denied, no more than 6% interest (un-
                                                                 less the applicable interest rate is below 6%) per year will 
If a deferment is granted, the statutory collection period       be charged while you are in active military service. The re-
is  suspended  during  your  military  service,  plus  an  addi- duced rate applies regardless of whether the military serv-
tional 270 days after the day following military service.        ice  materially  affects  your  ability  to  pay.  To  substantiate 
                                                                 the claim for reduced interest rate, you must provide the 
Military  service. The  term  “military  service”  means  the 
                                                                 IRS a copy of your orders or reporting instructions detail-
period beginning on the date on which you enter military 
                                                                 ing  the  call  to  military  service.  You  must  do  so  no  later 
service and ending on the date on which you are released 
                                                                 than 180 days after the date of your termination or release 
from military service or die while in military service. If you 
                                                                 from military service.
are a member of the National Guard, your military service 
will include service meeting all three of the following crite-
ria.
  Under a call to active service authorized by the Presi-      Tax Returns of Aliens
    dent or the Secretary of Defense.
                                                                 For tax purposes, an alien is an individual who isn't a U.S. 
  For a period of more than 30 consecutive days under          citizen.  An  alien  is  in  one  of  the  three  categories  dis-
    section 502(f) of title 32, United States Code.              cussed  below:    resident, nonresident,  or dual-status. 
  For purposes of responding to a national emergency           Placement in the correct category is crucial in determining 
    declared by the President and supported by federal           what income to report and what forms to file.
    funds.

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If you are an alien and in the Armed Forces.    Most               first tax year for which the choice applies. Include in the 
members  of  the  Armed  Forces  are  U.S.  citizens  or  resi-    statement:
dent aliens. Under peacetime enlistment rules, you gener-            A declaration that one spouse was a nonresident alien 
                                                                   
ally can't enlist in the Armed Forces unless you are a citi-         and the other was a U.S. citizen or resident alien on 
zen or have been legally admitted to the United States for           the last day of the year;
permanent  residence.  If  you  are  an  alien  enlistee  in  the 
Armed Forces, you are probably a resident alien. If, under         A declaration that both spouses choose to be treated 
an income tax treaty, you are considered a resident of a             as U.S. residents for the entire tax year; and
foreign  country,  see  your  base  legal  officer.  Other  aliens The name, address, and taxpayer identification num-
who are in the United States only because of military as-            ber (SSN or ITIN) of each spouse. If the nonresident 
signments  and  who  have  a  home  outside  the  United             alien spouse isn't eligible to get an SSN, he or she 
States  are  nonresident  aliens.  The  U.S.  territories  have      should file Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual 
separate  taxing  rules.  Residents  of  the  U.S.  territories      Taxpayer Identification Number. For more details re-
should contact the applicable territory taxing authority with        garding this statement and on making this election, 
their questions.                                                     see Nonresident Spouse Treated as a Resident in 
If  you  have  questions  about  your  alien  status  or  the        chapter 1 of Pub. 519.
alien  status  of  your  dependents  or  spouse,  you  should 
read the information in the following paragraphs and see                  Once you make this choice, the nonresident alien 
Pub. 519.                                                          TIP    spouse's worldwide income is subject to U.S. tax. 
                                                                          If  the  nonresident  alien  spouse  has  substantial 
                                                                   foreign income, there may be no advantage to making this 
Resident Aliens                                                    choice. Also, if you make this election, you may forfeit the 
                                                                   right to claim benefits otherwise available under a U.S. tax 
What  are  the  tax  consequences  of  being  a  resident 
                                                                   treaty.
alien? Generally, resident aliens are taxed on their world-
wide income and file the same tax forms as U.S. citizens.
                                                                    Ending the choice.   Once you make this choice, it ap-
Am  I  a  resident  alien? You  are  considered  a  resident       plies to all later years unless one of the following situations 
alien of the United States for tax purposes if you meet ei-        occurs.
ther the “green card test” or the “substantial presence test”      You or your spouse revokes the choice.
for the calendar year (January 1–December 31).
                                                                   You or your spouse dies.
First-year  choice.  If  you  do  not  meet  either  the  green    You and your spouse become legally separated under 
card test or the substantial presence test for the calendar          a decree of divorce or separate maintenance.
year 2023, you may be able to choose to be treated as a 
U.S. resident for part of 2023 if you:                             The IRS ends the choice because you or your spouse 
                                                                     kept inadequate records.
 Did not meet either the green card test or the substan-
                                                                   For specific details on these situations, see Pub. 519.
   tial presence test in 2022,
                                                                    If the choice is ended for any of these reasons, neither 
 Did not choose to be treated as a resident for part of          spouse can make the choice for any later year.
   2022, and
                                                                    Choice  not  made.   If  you  and  your  nonresident  alien 
 Meet the substantial presence test for 2024.                    spouse  don't  make  this  choice,  the  following  restrictions 
See First-Year  Choice  in  Pub.  519.  These  tests  are  ex-     apply.
plained in Pub. 519.                                               You can't file a joint return. You can file as married fil-
                                                                     ing separately, or head of household if you qualify.
Treating nonresident alien spouse as resident alien. 
A nonresident alien spouse can be treated as a resident            The nonresident alien spouse generally doesn't have 
alien if all the following conditions are met.                       to file a federal income tax return if he or she had no 
                                                                     income from sources in the United States. If the 
 One spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident alien at the             spouse has to file a return, see Nonresident Aliens be-
   end of the tax year.                                              low. The nonresident alien spouse isn't eligible for the 
 That spouse is married to the nonresident alien at the            EIC, the credit for the elderly or disabled, or any edu-
   end of the tax year.                                              cation credit if he or she has to file a return.

 You both choose to treat the nonresident alien spouse           Treating  a  dual-status  alien  spouse  as  a  resident 
   as a resident alien.                                            alien. A  similar  choice  is  available  if  you  are  married  at 
Making the choice.      Both you and your spouse must              the end of the tax year and all of the following conditions 
sign a statement and attach it to your joint return for the        are met.
                                                                   One spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident alien at the 
                                                                     end of the tax year.
                                                                   The other spouse was a nonresident alien at the be-
                                                                     ginning of the tax year and is a resident alien at the 

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  end of the tax year (is a dual-status alien for the tax           If  you  are  overseas  or  incapacitated,  you  can  grant  a 
  year).                                                            power of attorney to an agent to file and sign your return.

You both choose to treat the other (dual-status)                  If you are acting on behalf of your spouse, see Do both 
  spouse as a resident alien.                                       my spouse and I have to sign our joint return, later.
If this choice is made, the dual-status alien spouse will 
be  treated  as  a  resident  alien  for  the  entire  year.  This  Form  2848,  Power  of  Attorney  and  Declaration  of 
choice applies only to the election year. See    Nonresident        Representative. A power of attorney can be granted by 
Spouse Treated as a Resident in Pub. 519.                           filing  Form  2848.  These  forms  are  available  at IRS.gov/
                                                                    Form2848 or at your nearest legal assistance office. While 
Choice not made.     See What are the tax consequen-                other power of attorney forms can be used, they must con-
ces of being a dual-status alien? below, and the Instruc-           tain the information required by Form 2848.
tions for Form 1040-NR for more information.                        In  Part  I  of  the  form,  you  must  indicate  that  you  are 
                                                                    granting the power to sign the return, the tax form number, 
Nonresident Aliens                                                  and the tax year(s) for which the form is being filed. Attach 
                                                                    the power of attorney to the tax return. Follow the Instruc-
Am I a nonresident alien? You are a nonresident alien if            tions for Form 2848 for properly completing the form.
you are an alien who doesn't meet the requirements dis-
cussed earlier for being classified as a resident alien.            Do  both  my  spouse  and  I  have  to  sign  our  joint  re-
                                                                    turn?  Generally,  joint  returns  must  be  signed  by  both 
What are the tax consequences of being a nonresi-                   spouses. However, when a spouse is overseas in a com-, 
dent alien? If you are required to file a federal tax return,       bat zone in a missing status incapacitated, , , or deceased, 
you  must  file  Form  1040-NR,  U.S.  Nonresident  Alien  In-      one  spouse  may  sign  for  the  other  when  the  conditions 
come Tax Return. See the Instructions for Form 1040-NR              described below are met. Otherwise, a power of attorney 
for information on who must file and filing status.                 may be needed.
If you are a nonresident alien, you must generally pay              Spouse overseas. If one spouse is overseas on mili-
tax on income from conducting a trade or business in the            tary duty, there are two options when filing a joint return.
United States or other income from sources in the United            One spouse can prepare the return, sign it, and send it 
States. Your income from conducting a trade or business               to the other spouse to sign early enough so that it can 
in the United States is taxed at graduated U.S. tax rates.            be filed by the due date.
Other income from U.S. sources is taxed at a flat 30% (or 
lower treaty) rate. For example, dividends from a U.S. cor-         The spouse who expects to be overseas on the due 
poration paid to a nonresident alien are generally subject            date of the return can file Form 2848 specifically des-
to a 30% (or lower treaty) rate.                                      ignating that the spouse who remains in the United 
                                                                      States can sign the return for the absent spouse.
Dual-Status Aliens                                                  Spouse in combat zone.       If your spouse is unable to 
                                                                    sign the return because he or she is serving in a combat 
Am I a dual-status alien? You are a dual-status alien if            zone or is performing qualifying service outside of a com-
you are both a nonresident and resident alien during the            bat zone, and you don't have a power of attorney or other 
same tax year. This usually occurs in the year you arrive in        statement, you can sign for your spouse. Attach a signed 
or depart from the United States.                                   statement to your return that explains that your spouse is 
                                                                    serving in a combat zone.
What are the tax consequences of being a dual-sta-
tus alien? If you are a dual-status alien, you are taxed on         Spouse in missing status.    The spouse of a member 
income from all sources for the part of the year you are a          of the Armed Forces who is in a missing status in a com-
resident alien. Generally, for the part of the year you are a       bat zone can still file a joint return. A joint return can be 
nonresident  alien,  you  are  taxed  only  on  income  from        filed for any year beginning not more than 2 years after the 
sources in the United States. See the Instructions for Form         end of the combat zone activities. A joint return filed under 
1040-NR for more information.                                       these conditions is valid even if it is later determined that 
                                                                    the  missing  spouse  died  before  the  year  covered  by  the 
                                                                    return.
Signing Returns                                                     Spouse incapacitated.      If your spouse can't sign be-
                                                                    cause of disease or injury and he or she tells you to sign, 
Generally, you must sign your return. If you e-file your tax        you can sign your spouse's name in the proper space on 
return, you must sign the return electronically using a per-        the  return,  followed  by  the  words  “by  [your  name],  Hus-
sonal  identification  number  (PIN).  If  you  are  filing  online band (or Wife).” Be sure to sign your name in the space 
using software, you must use a Self-Select PIN. If you are          provided  for  your  signature.  Attach  a  dated  statement, 
filing electronically using a tax practitioner, you can use a       signed  by  you,  to  your  return.  The  statement  should  in-
Self-Select PIN or a Practitioner PIN. See Electronic Re-           clude the form number of the return you are filing, the tax 
turn Signatures in your tax return instructions.                    year, the reason your spouse couldn't sign, and that your 
                                                                    spouse has agreed to your signing for him or her.

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Spouse  died  during  the  year.     If  one  spouse  died              Also, the IRS offers Free Fillable Forms, which can 
during  the  year  and  the  surviving  spouse  didn't  remarry        be completed online and then e-filed regardless of in-
before the end of the year, the surviving spouse can file a            come.
joint return for that year, writing in the signature area “Fil-
ing  as  surviving  spouse.”  If  an  executor  or  administrator    Using online tools to help prepare your return.       Go to 
has  been  appointed,  both  he  or  she  and  the  surviving        IRS.gov/Tools for the following.
spouse must sign the return filed for the decedent.                  The Earned Income Tax Credit Assistant IRS.gov/ (
                                                                       EITCAssistant) determines if you’re eligible for the 
                                                                       earned income credit (EIC).
How To Get Tax Help                                                  The Online EIN Application IRS.gov/EIN ( ) helps you 
                                                                       get an employer identification number (EIN) at no 
If you have questions about a tax issue; need help prepar-             cost.
ing your tax return; or want to download free publications, 
forms, or instructions, go to IRS.gov to find resources that         The Tax Withholding Estimator IRS.gov/W4App (     ) 
can help you right away.                                               makes it easier for you to estimate the federal income 
                                                                       tax you want your employer to withhold from your pay-
Preparing and filing your tax return.  After receiving all             check. This is tax withholding. See how your withhold-
your wage and earnings statements (Forms W-2, W-2G,                    ing affects your refund, take-home pay, or tax due.
1099-R,  1099-MISC,  1099-NEC,  etc.);  unemployment                 The First-Time Homebuyer Credit Account Look-up 
compensation statements (by mail or in a digital format) or            (IRS.gov/HomeBuyer) tool provides information on 
other  government  payment  statements  (Form  1099-G);                your repayments and account balance.
and  interest,  dividend,  and  retirement  statements  from 
banks and investment firms (Forms 1099), you have sev-               The Sales Tax Deduction Calculator IRS.gov/ (
eral options to choose from to prepare and file your tax re-           SalesTax) figures the amount you can claim if you 
turn.  You  can  prepare  the  tax  return  yourself,  see  if  you    itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040).
qualify for free tax preparation, or hire a tax professional to              Getting  answers  to  your  tax  questions.  On 
prepare your return.                                                         IRS.gov,  you  can  get  up-to-date  information  on 
                                                                             current events and changes in tax law.
Free options for tax preparation.    Your options for pre-
paring  and  filing  your  return  online  or  in  your  local  com- IRS.gov/Help: A variety of tools to help you get an-
munity, if you qualify, include the following.                         swers to some of the most common tax questions.
 Free File. This program lets you prepare and file your            IRS.gov/ITA: The Interactive Tax Assistant, a tool that 
   federal individual income tax return for free using soft-           will ask you questions and, based on your input, pro-
   ware or Free File Fillable Forms. However, state tax                vide answers on a number of tax topics.
   preparation may not be available through Free File. Go            IRS.gov/Forms: Find forms, instructions, and publica-
   to IRS.gov/FreeFile to see if you qualify for free online           tions. You will find details on the most recent tax 
   federal tax preparation, e-filing, and direct deposit or            changes and interactive links to help you find answers 
   payment options.                                                    to your questions.
 VITA. The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA)                  You may also be able to access tax information in your 
   program offers free tax help to people with                         e-filing software.
   low-to-moderate incomes, persons with disabilities, 
   and limited-English-speaking taxpayers who need 
   help preparing their own tax returns. Go to IRS.gov/              Need someone to prepare your tax return?            There are 
   VITA, download the free IRS2Go app, or call                       various  types  of  tax  return  preparers,  including  enrolled 
   800-906-9887 for information on free tax return prepa-            agents, certified public accountants (CPAs), accountants, 
   ration.                                                           and many others who don’t have professional credentials. 
                                                                     If  you  choose  to  have  someone  prepare  your  tax  return, 
 TCE. The Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) pro-
                                                                     choose that preparer wisely. A paid tax preparer is:
   gram offers free tax help for all taxpayers, particularly 
   those who are 60 years of age and older. TCE volun-               Primarily responsible for the overall substantive accu-
   teers specialize in answering questions about pen-                  racy of your return,
   sions and retirement-related issues unique to seniors.            Required to sign the return, and
   Go to IRS.gov/TCE or download the free IRS2Go app 
   for information on free tax return preparation.                   Required to include their preparer tax identification 
                                                                       number (PTIN).
 MilTax. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces and quali-
   fied veterans may use MilTax, a free tax service of-                      Although the tax preparer always signs the return, 
   fered by the Department of Defense through Military               !       you're  ultimately  responsible  for  providing  all  the 
   OneSource. For more information, go to                            CAUTION information required for the preparer to accurately 
   MilitaryOneSource MilitaryOneSource.mil/MilTax ( ).               prepare your return and for the accuracy of every item re-
                                                                     ported on the return. Anyone paid to prepare tax returns 
                                                                     for  others  should  have  a  thorough  understanding  of  tax 

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matters. For more information on how to choose a tax pre-          Note.   Form  9000,  Alternative  Media  Preference,  or 
parer, go to Tips for Choosing a Tax Preparer on IRS.gov.          Form 9000(SP) allows you to elect to receive certain types 
                                                                   of written correspondence in the following formats.
Employers can register to use Business Services On-                Standard Print.
line. The Social Security Administration (SSA) offers on-          Large Print.
line service at SSA.gov/employer for fast, free, and secure 
                                                                   Braille.
W-2 filing options to CPAs, accountants, enrolled agents, 
and  individuals  who  process  Form  W-2,  Wage  and  Tax         Audio (MP3).
Statement,  and  Form  W-2c,  Corrected  Wage  and  Tax            Plain Text File (TXT).
Statement.
                                                                   Braille Ready File (BRF).
IRS social media.     Go to IRS.gov/SocialMedia to see the 
various social media tools the IRS uses to share the latest        Disasters. Go  to IRS.gov/DisasterRelief  to  review  the 
information on tax changes, scam alerts, initiatives, prod-        available disaster tax relief.

ucts, and services. At the IRS, privacy and security are our       Getting  tax  forms  and  publications. Go  to        IRS.gov/
highest priority. We use these tools to share public infor-        Forms  to  view,  download,  or  print  all  the  forms,  instruc-
mation  with  you. Don’t  post  your  social  security  number     tions, and publications you may need. Or, you can go to 
(SSN)  or  other  confidential  information  on  social  media     IRS.gov/OrderForms to place an order.
sites. Always protect your identity when using any social 
networking site.                                                   Getting  tax  publications  and  instructions  in  eBook 
 The following IRS YouTube channels provide short, in-             format. Download and view most tax publications and in-
formative videos on various tax-related topics in English,         structions  (including  the  Instructions  for  Form  1040)  on 
Spanish, and ASL.                                                  mobile devices as eBooks at IRS.gov/eBooks.
 Youtube.com/irsvideos.                                          IRS eBooks have been tested using Apple's iBooks for 
                                                                   iPad. Our eBooks haven’t been tested on other dedicated 
 Youtube.com/irsvideosmultilingua.                               eBook readers, and eBook functionality may not operate 
 Youtube.com/irsvideosASL.                                       as intended.

Watching      IRS     videos. The IRS   Video    portal            Access  your  online  account  (individual  taxpayers 
(IRSVideos.gov)  contains  video  and  audio  presentations        only). Go  to IRS.gov/Account  to  securely  access  infor-
for individuals, small businesses, and tax professionals.          mation about your federal tax account.
                                                                   View the amount you owe and a breakdown by tax 
Online  tax  information  in  other  languages. You  can 
                                                                     year.
find  information  on IRS.gov/MyLanguage  if  English  isn’t 
your native language.                                              See payment plan details or apply for a new payment 
                                                                     plan.
Free  Over-the-Phone  Interpreter  (OPI)  Service. The 
                                                                   Make a payment or view 5 years of payment history 
IRS is committed to serving taxpayers with limited-English 
                                                                     and any pending or scheduled payments.
proficiency (LEP) by offering OPI services. The OPI Serv-
ice is a federally funded program and is available at Tax-         Access your tax records, including key data from your 
payer  Assistance  Centers  (TACs),  most  IRS  offices,  and        most recent tax return, and transcripts.
every VITA/TCE tax return site. The OPI Service is acces-          View digital copies of select notices from the IRS.
sible in more than 350 languages.
                                                                   Approve or reject authorization requests from tax pro-
Accessibility  Helpline  available  for  taxpayers  with             fessionals.
disabilities. Taxpayers  who  need  information  about  ac-        View your address on file or manage your communica-
cessibility  services  can  call  833-690-0598.  The  Accessi-       tion preferences.
bility Helpline can answer questions related to current and 
future accessibility products and services available in al-        Get a transcript of your return. With an online account, 
ternative  media  formats  (for  example,  braille,  large  print, you can access a variety of information to help you during 
audio, etc.). The Accessibility Helpline does not have ac-         the  filing  season.  You  can  get  a  transcript,  review  your 
cess to your IRS account. For help with tax law, refunds, or       most recently filed tax return, and get your adjusted gross 
account-related issues, go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp.                   income. Create or access your online account at       IRS.gov/
                                                                   Account.

                                                                   Tax  Pro  Account. This  tool  lets  your  tax  professional 
                                                                   submit an authorization request to access your individual 
                                                                   taxpayer IRS online account. For more information, go to 
                                                                   IRS.gov/TaxProAccount.

                                                                   Using direct deposit. The safest and easiest way to re-
                                                                   ceive a tax refund is to e-file and choose direct deposit, 

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which securely and electronically transfers your refund di-       Electronic Funds Withdrawal: Schedule a payment 
rectly  into  your  financial  account.  Direct  deposit  also      when filing your federal taxes using tax return prepara-
avoids the possibility that your check could be lost, stolen,       tion software or through a tax professional.
destroyed,  or  returned  undeliverable  to  the  IRS.  Eight  in 
                                                                  Electronic Federal Tax Payment System: Best option 
10 taxpayers use direct deposit to receive their refunds. If 
                                                                    for businesses. Enrollment is required.
you  don’t  have  a  bank  account,  go  to      IRS.gov/
DirectDeposit for more information on where to find a bank        Check or Money Order: Mail your payment to the ad-
or credit union that can open an account online.                    dress listed on the notice or instructions.
Reporting  and  resolving  your  tax-related  identity            Cash: You may be able to pay your taxes with cash at 
                                                                    a participating retail store.
theft issues. 
 Tax-related identity theft happens when someone                Same-Day Wire: You may be able to do same-day 
                                                                    wire from your financial institution. Contact your finan-
   steals your personal information to commit tax fraud. 
                                                                    cial institution for availability, cost, and time frames.
   Your taxes can be affected if your SSN is used to file a 
   fraudulent return or to claim a refund or credit.              Note.   The IRS uses the latest encryption technology to 
 The IRS doesn’t initiate contact with taxpayers by             ensure that the electronic payments you make online, by 
   email, text messages (including shortened links), tele-        phone, or from a mobile device using the IRS2Go app are 
   phone calls, or social media channels to request or            safe and secure. Paying electronically is quick, easy, and 
   verify personal or financial information. This includes        faster than mailing in a check or money order.
   requests for personal identification numbers (PINs), 
   passwords, or similar information for credit cards,            What  if  I  can’t  pay  now? Go  to IRS.gov/Payments  for 
   banks, or other financial accounts.                            more information about your options.
 Go to IRS.gov/IdentityTheft, the IRS Identity Theft            Apply for an online payment agreement IRS.gov/ (
   Central webpage, for information on identity theft and           OPA) to meet your tax obligation in monthly install-
   data security protection for taxpayers, tax professio-           ments if you can’t pay your taxes in full today. Once 
   nals, and businesses. If your SSN has been lost or               you complete the online process, you will receive im-
   stolen or you suspect you’re a victim of tax-related             mediate notification of whether your agreement has 
   identity theft, you can learn what steps you should              been approved.
   take.                                                          Use the Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier to see if 
 Get an Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN). IP PINs are             you can settle your tax debt for less than the full 
   six-digit numbers assigned to taxpayers to help pre-             amount you owe. For more information on the Offer in 
   vent the misuse of their SSNs on fraudulent federal in-          Compromise program, go to IRS.gov/OIC.
   come tax returns. When you have an IP PIN, it pre-
                                                                  Filing  an  amended  return.   Go  to IRS.gov/Form1040X 
   vents someone else from filing a tax return with your 
                                                                  for information and updates.
   SSN. To learn more, go to IRS.gov/IPPIN.
                                                                  Checking  the  status  of  your  amended  return.      Go  to 
Ways to check on the status of your refund. 
                                                                  IRS.gov/WMAR to track the status of Form 1040-X amen-
 Go to IRS.gov/Refunds.                                         ded returns.
 Download the official IRS2Go app to your mobile de-                    It can take up to 3 weeks from the date you filed 
   vice to check your refund status.                              !       your amended return for it to show up in our sys-
                                                                  CAUTION tem, and processing it can take up to 16 weeks.
 Call the automated refund hotline at 800-829-1954.

        The IRS can’t issue refunds before mid-February           Understanding  an  IRS  notice  or  letter  you’ve  re-
!       for returns that claimed the EIC or the additional        ceived. Go to IRS.gov/Notices to find additional informa-
CAUTION child tax credit (ACTC). This applies to the entire 
                                                                  tion about responding to an IRS notice or letter.
refund, not just the portion associated with these credits.
                                                                  Responding  to  an  IRS  notice  or  letter. You  can  now 
Making  a  tax  payment. Payments  of  U.S.  tax  must  be        upload  responses  to  all  notices  and  letters  using  the 
remitted to the IRS in U.S. dollars. Digital assets are not       Document Upload Tool. For notices that require additional 
accepted. Go to IRS.gov/Payments for information on how           action,  taxpayers  will  be  redirected  appropriately  on 
to make a payment using any of the following options.             IRS.gov  to  take  further  action.  To  learn  more  about  the 
                                                                  tool, go to IRS.gov/Upload.
 IRS Direct Pay: Pay your individual tax bill or estimated 
   tax payment directly from your checking or savings ac-         Note.   You  can  use  Schedule  LEP  (Form  1040),  Re-
   count at no cost to you.                                       quest for Change in Language Preference, to state a pref-
 Debit Card, Credit Card, or Digital Wallet: Choose an          erence to receive notices, letters, or other written commu-
   approved payment processor to pay online or by                 nications from the IRS in an alternative language. You may 
   phone.                                                         not immediately receive written communications in the re-
                                                                  quested  language.  The  IRS’s  commitment  to  LEP 

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taxpayers is part of a multi-year timeline that began pro-             You face (or your business is facing) an immediate 
viding  translations  in  2023.  You  will  continue  to  receive        threat of adverse action; or
communications, including notices and letters, in English 
                                                                       You’ve tried repeatedly to contact the IRS but no one 
until they are translated to your preferred language.
                                                                         has responded, or the IRS hasn’t responded by the 
Contacting your local TAC. Keep in mind, many ques-                      date promised.
tions can be answered on IRS.gov without visiting a TAC. 
Go to  IRS.gov/LetUsHelp for the topics people ask about               How Can You Reach TAS?
most. If you still need help, TACs provide tax help when a 
tax  issue  can’t  be  handled  online  or  by  phone.  All  TACs      TAS  has  offices in  every  state,  the  District  of  Columbia, 
now provide service by appointment, so you’ll know in ad-              and Puerto Rico. To find your advocate’s number:
vance that you can get the service you need without long               Go to TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/Contact-Us;
wait times. Before you visit, go to IRS.gov/TACLocator to 
                                                                       Download Pub. 1546, The Taxpayer Advocate Service 
find the nearest TAC and to check hours, available serv-
                                                                         Is Your Voice at the IRS, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-
ices,  and  appointment  options.  Or,  on  the  IRS2Go  app, 
                                                                         pdf/p1546.pdf;
under the Stay Connected tab, choose the Contact Us op-
tion and click on “Local Offices.”                                     Call the IRS toll free at 800-TAX-FORM 
                                                                         (800-829-3676) to order a copy of Pub. 1546;
The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS)                                    Check your local directory; or
Is Here To Help You                                                    Call TAS toll free at 877-777-4778.
What Is TAS?
                                                                       How Else Does TAS Help Taxpayers?
TAS  is  an independent  organization  within  the  IRS  that 
helps taxpayers and protects taxpayer rights. TAS strives              TAS  works  to  resolve  large-scale  problems  that  affect 
to ensure that every taxpayer is treated fairly and that you           many taxpayers. If you know of one of these broad issues, 
know and understand your rights under the Taxpayer Bill                report it to TAS at IRS.gov/SAMS. Be sure to not include 
of Rights.                                                             any personal taxpayer information.

How Can You Learn About Your Taxpayer                                  Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITCs)
Rights?
                                                                       LITCs are independent from the IRS and TAS. LITCs rep-
The Taxpayer Bill of Rights describes 10 basic rights that             resent individuals whose income is below a certain level 
all  taxpayers  have  when  dealing  with  the  IRS.  Go  to           and who need to resolve tax problems with the IRS. LITCs 
TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov  to  help  you  understand  what              can represent taxpayers in audits, appeals, and tax collec-
these rights mean to you and how they apply. These are                 tion  disputes  before  the  IRS  and  in  court.  In  addition, 
your rights. Know them. Use them.                                      LITCs can provide information about taxpayer rights and 
                                                                       responsibilities  in  different  languages  for  individuals  who 
What Can TAS Do for You?                                               speak English as a second language. Services are offered 
                                                                       for free or a small fee. For more information or to find an 
TAS can help you resolve problems that you can’t resolve               LITC near you,      go to          the   LITC     page at 
with  the  IRS.  And  their  service  is  free.  If  you  qualify  for TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/LITC  or  see  IRS  Pub.  4134, 
their  assistance,  you  will  be  assigned  to  one  advocate         Low  Income  Taxpayer  Clinic  List,  at IRS.gov/pub/irs-pdf/
who will work with you throughout the process and will do              p4134.pdf.
everything  possible  to  resolve  your  issue.  TAS  can  help 
you if:
Your problem is causing financial difficulty for you, 
  your family, or your business;

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                   To help us develop a more useful index, please let us know if you have ideas for index entries.
Index              See “Comments and Suggestions” in the “Introduction” for the ways you can reach us.
 
                                      Extensions while in:               Modified adjusted gross income 
A                                       Combat zone   29                  (MAGI):
Additional child tax credit   20        Contingency operation    29       Child tax credit limits     19
Adoption:                                                                Moving expenses   12
  Child tax credit 19                 F
Afghanistan    15                     Family 19                          N
Aliens 31                             (See also Child tax credit)        Nonresident aliens 33
Arabian Peninsula     15              Filing returns 27
Assistance (See Tax help)             First-time homebuyer credit        P
                                        repayment    25                  Personal representative        25
C                                     Foreclosures:                      Power of attorney 33
Child tax credit:                       Mortgage settlement payouts   17 Publications (See Tax help)
  Limits:                             Foreign income  9
   Modified adjusted gross            Foreign moves   13                 Q
       income  19                     Forms:                             Qualifying child 21
  Qualifying child 18                   1040  13 27, 
Child tax credit and credit for other   1040-NR  33                      R
  dependents    18                      2848  33                         Reimbursements:
Child, qualifying  21                   3903  12                          Moving and storage 12
Claims for tax forgiveness    26        4868  29                         Reservists:
Codes, W-2   10                         W-2  10 23,                       Travel 11
Combat zone:                          Foster care:                       Resident aliens  32
  Election to include pay for earned    Child tax credit 18              Returns:
   income credit   23                                                     Filing 27
  Exclusion  14                       G                                   Signing 33
  Extension of deadlines   29         Gross income   5
  Related forgiveness   25                                               S
Community property      9 26,         H                                  Sale of home  16
Contingency operation      29         Home:                              Same-sex marriage  27
Credits:                                Sale of 16                       SCRA violation payouts        17
  Additional child tax 20             Homebuyer credit     25            Separate returns 29
  Child tax and credit for other      Hospitalization 16 30,             Servicemembers Civil Relief Act                     31
   dependents      18
                                                                         Serving in a combat zone                        16
  Earned income    20                 I                                  Sinai Peninsula  15
  Excess social security tax          Income:                            Social security numbers (SSNs):
   withheld    24
                                        Foreign source   9                Earned income credit        22
D                                       Gross 5                          Spouse:
                                      Individual retirement               Deadline extension 29
Decedents  25                           arrangements     11               Died 34
Disability Severance Payments to      Installment agreement:              Incapacitated  33
  Veterans   8
                                        Payment deferment    31
Dual-status aliens 33                                                     Missing 33
                                      Interest rate (maximum)     31      Nonresident alien 32
E                                     Iraq 15                             Overseas  33
                                                                         State bonus payments         8
Earned income credit     20           J
  Social security card  22
                                      Joint returns  26 29 33, ,         T
  Social security number   22
                                                                         Tax forgiven 25
Excess social security tax withheld   K
  credit  24                                                             Tax help 33 34, 
Expenses:                             Kosovo  15                         Terrorist related forgiveness                     25
  Moving  12
                                      M
Extensions:                                                              W
  Generally  28                       Military action related            When to file 27
                                        forgiveness  25
Extensions of:                                                           Where to file 27
                                      Missing status  25 29 33, , 
  Deadlines  28
  Time to file 28 29,                                                    Y
  Time to pay  28 29 31, ,                                               Yugoslavia 15

38                                                                                       Publication 3 (2023)






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