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Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
2023

Instructions for Form 8606

Nondeductible IRAs

Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code on early distributions will not apply to a corrective IRA
unless otherwise noted. distribution, which consists of an excessive contribution (a
contribution greater than the IRA contribution limit) and
Future Developments any earnings (the portion of the distribution subject to the
10% additional tax) allocable to the excessive
For the latest information about developments related to contribution, as long as the corrective distribution is made
2023 Form 8606 and its instructions, such as legislation on or before the due date (including extensions) of the
enacted after they were published, go to IRS.gov/ income tax return. See Pub. 590-B, Distributions from
Form8606. Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), for more
details.
What's New Coronavirus-related distributions. Coronavirus-related
SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs. Section 601 of the Secure distributions don't appear on 2023 Form 8606 and aren't
2.0 Act of 2022 allows for the creation of Roth accounts for mentioned in these instructions, as they can't be made
SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs beginning January 1, 2023. after December 30, 2020.
As a result, accounts we had previously referred to as Modified AGI limit for Roth IRA contributions in-
“SEP IRAs” and “SIMPLE IRAs” in these instructions will creased. You can contribute to a Roth IRA for 2023 only if
now be called traditional SEP and traditional SIMPLE your 2023 modified adjusted gross income (AGI) for Roth
IRAs, respectively. We will refer to the newly enacted Roth IRA purposes is less than:
accounts as “Roth SEP IRAs” and “Roth SIMPLE IRAs,” • $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving
respectively. See SEP IRAs: Traditional and Roth and spouse;
SIMPLE IRAs: Traditional and Roth, later. • $153,000 if single, head of household, or married filing
References to 2023 Form 8915-F. References to 2023 separately and you didn’t live with your spouse at any time
Form 8915-F in these instructions are to 2023 Form in 2023; or
8915-F (2021 disasters), 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 • $10,000 if married filing separately and you lived with
disasters), and 2023 Form 8915-F (2023 disasters), as your spouse at any time in 2023.
described below. See Roth IRAs, later.
Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) Due date for contributions. The due date for making
when the qualified disasters began in 2021. 2023 Form contributions for 2023 to your IRA for most people is
8915-F (2021 disasters) is used to report qualified 2021 Monday, April 15, 2024.
disaster distributions made in 2023 and repayments of
those distributions made for 2023. General Instructions
Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2022 disasters)
when the qualified disasters began in 2022. 2023 Form Purpose of Form
8915-F (2022 disasters) is used to report qualified 2022 Use Form 8606 to report:
disaster distributions made in 2023, qualified distributions • Nondeductible contributions you made to traditional
received in 2023 for the purchase or construction of a IRAs;
main home in the area of a 2022 disaster and reportable • Distributions from traditional, traditional SEP, or
in 2023 on Part IV of 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), traditional SIMPLE IRAs, if you have a basis in these IRAs;
and repayments of those distributions made for 2023. • Conversions from traditional, traditional SEP, or
Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2023 disasters) traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth
when the qualified disasters began in 2023. 2023 Form SIMPLE IRAs; and
8915-F (2023 disasters) is used to report qualified 2023 • Distributions from Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE
disaster distributions made in 2023, qualified distributions IRAs.
received in 2023 for the purchase or construction of a Additional information. For more details on IRAs, see
main home in the area of a 2023 disaster and reportable Pub. 590-A, Contributions to Individual Retirement
in 2023 on Part IV of 2023 Form 8915-F (2023 disasters), Arrangements; Pub. 590-B; and Pub. 560, Retirement
and repayments of those distributions made for 2023. Plans for Small Business.
2023 Forms 8915-F are relevant to the calculations on If you received distributions from a traditional,
Form 8606, lines 6, 7, 15b, 19, and 25b. The instructions TIP traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023
for those lines have been updated as needed. and you have never made nondeductible
Certain corrective distributions not subject to 10% contributions (including nontaxable amounts you rolled
early distribution tax. Beginning with distributions made over from a qualified retirement plan) to these IRAs, don’t
on December 29, 2022, and after, the 10% additional tax report the distributions on 2023 Form 8606. Instead, see

Jan 5, 2024 Cat. No. 25399E

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Lines 4a and 4b in the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040 or Definitions
the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040-NR. Also, to find out if
any of your contributions to traditional IRAs are deductible, Deemed IRAs
see the instructions for Schedule 1 in the Instructions for
Form 1040. A qualified employer plan (retirement plan) can maintain a
separate account or annuity under the plan (a deemed
IRA) to receive voluntary employee contributions. If in
Who Must File 2023 you had a deemed IRA, use the rules for either a
File Form 8606 if any of the following apply. traditional IRA or a Roth IRA depending on which type it
• You made nondeductible contributions to a traditional was. See Pub. 590-A for more details.
IRA for 2023, including a repayment of a qualified disaster,
a qualified reservist, or a qualified birth or adoption Traditional IRAs
distribution. For purposes of Form 8606, a traditional IRA is an
• You received distributions from a traditional, traditional individual retirement account or an individual retirement
SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023 and your basis in annuity other than a traditional SIMPLE, Roth, Roth SEP,
these IRAs is more than zero. For this purpose, a or Roth SIMPLE IRA. A traditional SEP IRA is a traditional
distribution doesn’t include a distribution that is rolled over IRA to which contributions under a SEP plan are made.
(other than a repayment of a qualified disaster distribution
(see 2023 Form 8915-F)), qualified charitable distribution, Contributions. An overall contribution limit applies to
one-time distribution to fund an HSA, conversion, traditional IRAs. See Overall Contribution Limit for
recharacterization, or return of certain contributions. Traditional and Roth IRAs, later. Contributions to a
• You or your spouse transferred all or part of their traditional IRA may be fully deductible, partially
traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in deductible, or completely nondeductible.
2023 to the other spouse under a divorce or separation Basis. Your basis in traditional, traditional SEP, and
agreement where the transfer resulted in a change in the traditional SIMPLE IRAs is the total of all your
basis of the IRA of either spouse. nondeductible contributions and nontaxable amounts
• You converted an amount from a traditional, traditional included in rollovers made to these IRAs minus the total of
SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA to a Roth, Roth SEP, or all your nontaxable distributions, adjusted if necessary
Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023. (see the instructions for line 2, later).
• You received distributions from a Roth, Roth SEP, or
Keep track of your basis to figure the nontaxable
Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023 (other than a rollover,
part of your future distributions.
recharacterization, or return of certain contributions—see CAUTION!
the instructions for Part III, later).
• You received a distribution from an inherited traditional, SEP IRAs: Traditional and Roth
traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA that has a basis,
or you received a distribution from an inherited Roth, Roth Prior to January 1, 2023, traditional SEP IRAs
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA that wasn’t a qualified TIP were called SEP IRAs in these instructions. The
distribution. You may need to file more than one Form term "traditional" was added to the name to
8606. See IRA with basis under What if You Inherit an distinguish them from Roth SEP IRAs, which were
IRA? in Pub. 590-B for more information. introduced in section 601 of the Secure 2.0 Act of 2022
and effective beginning January 1, 2023.
Note. If you recharacterized a 2023 Roth IRA contribution
as a traditional IRA contribution, or vice versa, treat the A simplified employee pension (SEP) plan is an
contribution as having been made to the second IRA, not employer-sponsored plan under which an employer can
the first IRA. See Recharacterizations, later. make contributions to a traditional IRA (traditional SEP
IRA) or a Roth IRA (Roth SEP IRA) for its employees. If
You don’t have to file Form 8606 solely to report you make contributions to a traditional SEP IRA (excluding
TIP regular contributions to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth employer contributions you make if you are
SIMPLE IRAs. But see What Records Must I self-employed), they are treated as contributions to a
Keep, later. traditional IRA and may be deductible or nondeductible.
Traditional SEP IRA distributions are reported in the same
When and Where To File manner as traditional IRA distributions.
File 2023 Form 8606 with your 2023 Form 1040, Beginning January 1, 2023, employers can contribute
1040-SR, or 1040-NR by the due date, including to Roth SEP IRAs under a SEP plan. Contributions to a
extensions, of your return. Roth SEP IRA are nondeductible and includible in income.
If you aren’t required to file an income tax return but are Roth SEP IRA distributions are reported in the same
required to file Form 8606, sign Form 8606 and send it to manner as Roth IRA distributions.
the IRS at the same time and place you would otherwise
file Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR. Be sure to include
your address on page 1 of the form and your signature
and the date on page 2 of the form.

2 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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SIMPLE IRAs: Traditional and Roth • $153,000 if single, head of household, or married filing
separately and you didn’t live with your spouse at any time
Prior to January 1, 2023, traditional SIMPLE IRAs in 2023; or
TIP were simply called SIMPLE IRAs in these $10,000 if married filing separately and you lived with
•
instructions. The term "traditional" was added to your spouse at any time in 2023.
the name to distinguish them from Roth SIMPLE IRAs,
which were introduced in section 601 of the Secure 2.0 Use the Maximum Roth IRA Contribution Worksheet to
Act of 2022 and effective beginning January 1, 2023. figure the maximum amount you can contribute to a Roth
IRA for 2023. If you are married filing jointly, complete
A SIMPLE IRA plan is a tax-favored retirement plan the worksheet separately for you and your spouse.
under which certain small employers (including
self-employed individuals) can make contributions to If you contributed too much to your Roth IRA, see
traditional IRAs (traditional SIMPLE IRAs) or Roth IRAs ! Recharacterizations, later.
CAUTION
(Roth SIMPLE IRAs) for their employees. Your employer's
contributions to a SIMPLE IRA plan don't prevent you from Modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes. First, figure your
making contributions to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA. AGI (2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 11).
SIMPLE IRA plans are also known as Savings Incentive Then, refigure it by:
Match Plans for Employees. 1. Subtracting:
Beginning January 1, 2023, certain small employers a. Roth IRA conversions included on Form 1040,
(including self-employed individuals) can contribute to 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b; and
Roth SIMPLE IRAs under a SIMPLE IRA plan.
Contributions to a Roth SIMPLE IRA are nondeductible b. Roth IRA rollovers from qualified retirement plans
and includible in income. included on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5b;
and
Roth IRAs 2. Adding:
A Roth IRA is similar to a traditional IRA, but has the a. IRA deduction from Schedule 1 (Form 1040),
following features. line 20;
• Contributions are never deductible. b. Student loan interest deduction from Schedule 1
• No minimum distributions are required during the Roth (Form 1040), line 21;
IRA owner's lifetime.
• Qualified distributions aren’t includible in income. c. Reserved for future use;
d. Exclusion of interest from Form 8815, Exclusion of
Qualified distribution. Generally, a qualified distribution
Interest From Series EE and I U.S. Savings Bonds Issued
is any distribution from your Roth IRA that meets the
After 1989;
following requirements.
e. Exclusion of employer-provided adoption benefits
1. It is made after the 5-year period beginning with the
from Form 8839, Qualified Adoption Expenses;
first year for which a contribution was made to a Roth IRA
(including a conversion or a rollover from a qualified f. Foreign earned income exclusion from Form 2555,
retirement plan) set up for your benefit. Foreign Earned Income; and
2. The distribution is made: g. Foreign housing exclusion or deduction from Form
a. On or after the date you reach age 59 / ,1 2 2555.
b. After your death, When figuring modified AGI for Roth IRA
purposes, you may have to refigure items based
c. Due to your disability, or CAUTION!
on modified AGI, such as taxable social security
d. For qualified first-time homebuyer expenses. benefits and passive activity losses allowed under the
special allowance for rental real estate activities. See Can
Contributions. You can contribute to a Roth IRA for 2023
You Contribute to a Roth IRA? in Pub. 590-A for details.
only if your 2023 modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes is
less than: Distributions. See the instructions for Part III, later.
• $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving
spouse;

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 3

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Maximum Roth IRA Contribution Worksheet                                                          Keep for Your Records

Caution: If married filing jointly and the combined taxable compensation (defined below) for you and your spouse is 
less than $13,000 ($14,000 if one spouse is age 50 or older at the end of 2023; $15,000 if both spouses are age 50 or 
older at the end of 2023), don’t use this worksheet. Instead, see Pub. 590-A for special rules.
  1.   If married filing jointly, enter $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023). All 
       others, enter the smaller of $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) or 
       your taxable compensation (defined below) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                   1.  
  2.   Enter your total contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                       2.  
  3.   Subtract line 2 from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               3.  
  4.   Enter $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse; $10,000 if 
       married filing separately and you lived with your spouse at any time in 2023. All 
       others, enter $153,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                4.  
  5.   Enter your modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes (discussed earlier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                     5.  
  6.   Subtract line 5 from line 4. If zero or less, stop here; you may not contribute to a 
       Roth IRA for 2023. See Recharacterizations, later, if you made Roth IRA 
       contributions for 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              6.  
  7.   If line 4 above is $153,000, enter $15,000; otherwise, enter $10,000. If line 6 is more 
       than or equal to line 7, skip lines 8 and 9 and enter the amount from line 3 on 
       line 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.  
  8.   Divide line 6 by line 7 and enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least 3 
       places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.  
  9.   Multiply line 1 by line 8. If the result isn’t a multiple of $10, increase it to the next 
       multiple of $10 (for example, increase $490.30 to $500). Enter the result, but not 
       less than $200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        9.  
  10. Maximum 2023 Roth IRA Contribution. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 9. See 
       Recharacterizations, later, if you contributed more than this amount to Roth IRAs 
       for 2023  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10.  

Overall Contribution Limit for Traditional and                            The amount you can contribute to a Roth IRA may 
Roth IRAs                                                           !     also be limited by your modified AGI (see 
                                                                  CAUTION Contributions, earlier, and the Maximum Roth IRA 
If you aren’t married filing jointly, your limit on contributions 
                                                                  Contribution Worksheet).
to traditional and Roth IRAs is generally the smaller of 
$6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) or          Difficulty of care payments.                                                             For contributions for 2023, 
your taxable compensation (defined below).                        you may elect to increase the nondeductible IRA 
  If you are married filing jointly, your contribution limit is   contribution limit by some or all of the amount of difficulty 
generally $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of         of care payments, which are a type of qualified foster care 
2023) and your spouse's contribution limit is $6,500              payment, received. For details, see 2023 Pub. 590-A.
($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) as well. But if    Taxable compensation.          Taxable compensation includes 
the combined taxable compensation of both you and your            the following.
spouse is less than $13,000 ($14,000 if one spouse is age         • Wages, salaries, tips, etc. If you received a distribution 
50 or older at the end of 2023; $15,000 if both spouses           from a nonqualified deferred compensation plan or 
are age 50 or older at the end of 2023), see Kay Bailey           nongovernmental section 457 plan that is included in 
Hutchison Spousal IRA Limit in Pub. 590-A for special             box 1 of Form W-2 or in box 1 of Form 1099-NEC, don’t 
rules.                                                            include that distribution in taxable compensation. The 
  This limit doesn’t apply to employer contributions to a         distribution should be shown in (a) box 11 of Form W-2, 
traditional SEP, traditional SIMPLE, Roth SEP, or Roth            (b) box 12 of Form W-2 with code Z, or (c) box 14 of Form 
SIMPLE IRA.                                                       1099-MISC. If it isn’t, contact your employer for the 
                                                                  amount of the distribution.
Note.  Rollovers, Roth IRA conversions, Roth IRA                  • Nontaxable combat pay if you were a member of the 
rollovers from qualified retirement plans, and repayments         U.S. Armed Forces.
of qualified disaster distributions, qualified reservist          • Self-employment income. If you are self-employed (a 
distributions, and qualified birth or adoption distributions      sole proprietor or a partner), taxable compensation is your 
don’t affect your contribution limit.                             net earnings from your trade or business (provided your 
                                                                  personal services are a material income-producing factor) 

4                                                                                                Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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reduced by your deduction for contributions made on your IRA on 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. If
behalf to retirement plans and the deductible part of your the recharacterization occurred in 2024, report the amount
self-employment tax. transferred only in the attached statement, and not on
• Alimony and separate maintenance pursuant to a your 2023 or 2024 tax return. See Example next.
divorce or separation agreement entered into before Example. You are single, covered by an employer
January 1, 2019, unless that agreement was changed retirement plan, and you contributed $4,000 to a new
after December 31, 2018, to expressly provide that traditional IRA on May 26, 2023. On February 23, 2024,
alimony received isn't included in the recipient's income. you determine that your 2023 modified AGI will limit your
• Certain non-tuition fellowship and stipend payments. traditional IRA deduction to $1,000. The value of your
For details, see Pub. 590-A. traditional IRA on that date is $4,400. On the same date,
you recharacterize $3,000 of the traditional IRA
See What Is Compensation? under Who Can Open a
contribution as a Roth IRA contribution, and have $3,300
Traditional IRA? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A for details.
($3,000 contribution plus $300 related earnings)
Recharacterizations transferred from your traditional IRA to a Roth IRA in a
Generally, you can recharacterize (correct) an IRA trustee-to-trustee transfer. You deduct the $1,000
contribution by making a trustee-to-trustee transfer from traditional IRA contribution on your 2023 Form 1040. You
one IRA to another type of IRA. Trustee-to-trustee don’t file a 2023 Form 8606. You attach a statement to
transfers are made directly between financial institutions your 2023 return explaining the recharacterization. The
or within the same financial institution. You must generally statement indicates that you contributed $4,000 to a
make the transfer by the due date of your return (including traditional IRA on May 26, 2023; recharacterized $3,000
extensions) and reflect it on your return. However, if you of that contribution on February 23, 2024, by transferring
timely filed your return without making the transfer, you $3,000 plus $300 of related earnings from your traditional
can make the transfer within 6 months of the due date of IRA to a Roth IRA in a trustee-to-trustee transfer; and
your return, excluding extensions. If necessary, file an deducted the remaining traditional IRA contribution of
amended return reflecting the transfer (see Amending $1,000 on your 2023 Form 1040. You don’t report the
Form 8606, later). Enter “Filed pursuant to section $3,300 distribution from your traditional IRA on your 2023
301.9100-2” on the amended return. Form 1040 because the distribution occurred in 2024. You
don’t report the distribution on your 2024 Form 1040
No recharacterizations of conversions made in 2018 because the recharacterization related to 2023 and was
or later. A conversion of a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, explained in an attachment to your 2023 return.
and a rollover from any other eligible retirement plan to a 2. You made a contribution to a Roth IRA and later
Roth IRA, made in tax years beginning after December recharacterized part or all of it in a trustee-to-trustee
31, 2017, cannot be recharacterized as having been made transfer to a traditional IRA. Report the nondeductible
to a traditional IRA. traditional IRA portion of the recharacterized contribution,
Reporting recharacterizations. Treat any if any, on Form 8606, Part I. Don’t report the Roth IRA
recharacterized IRA contribution as though the amount of contribution (whether or not you recharacterized all or part
the contribution was originally contributed to the second of it) on Form 8606. Attach a statement to your return
IRA, not the first IRA. For the recharacterization, you must explaining the recharacterization. If the recharacterization
transfer the amount of the original contribution plus any occurred in 2023, include the amount transferred from the
related earnings or less any related loss. In most cases, Roth IRA on your 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR,
your IRA trustee or custodian figures the amount of the line 4a. If the recharacterization occurred in 2024, report
related earnings you must transfer. If you need to figure the amount transferred only in the attached statement,
the related earnings, see How Do You Recharacterize a and not on your 2023 or 2024 tax return. See Example
Contribution? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A. Treat any next.
earnings or loss that occurred in the first IRA as having Example. You are single, covered by an employer
occurred in the second IRA. You can’t deduct any loss that retirement plan, and you contributed $4,000 to a new Roth
occurred while the funds were in the first IRA. Also, you IRA on June 16, 2023. On December 29, 2023, you
can’t take a deduction for a contribution to a traditional determine that your 2023 modified AGI will allow a full
IRA if you later recharacterize the amount. The following traditional IRA deduction. On that same date, you
discussion explains how to report the two different types recharacterize the Roth IRA contribution as a traditional
of recharacterizations, including the statement that you IRA contribution and have $4,200, the balance in the Roth
must attach to your return explaining the IRA account ($4,000 contribution plus $200 related
recharacterization. earnings), transferred from your Roth IRA to a traditional
1. You made a contribution to a traditional IRA and IRA in a trustee-to-trustee transfer. You deduct the $4,000
later recharacterized part or all of it in a trustee-to-trustee traditional IRA contribution on your 2023 Form 1040. You
transfer to a Roth IRA. If you recharacterized only part of don’t file a Form 8606. You attach a statement to your
the contribution, report the nondeductible traditional IRA return explaining the recharacterization. The statement
portion of the remaining contribution, if any, on Form 8606, indicates that you contributed $4,000 to a new Roth IRA
Part I. If you recharacterized the entire contribution, don’t on June 16, 2023; recharacterized that contribution on
report the contribution on Form 8606. In either case, December 29, 2023, by transferring $4,200, the balance in
attach a statement to your return explaining the the Roth IRA, to a traditional IRA in a trustee-to-trustee
recharacterization. If the recharacterization occurred in transfer; and deducted the traditional IRA contribution of
2023, include the amount transferred from the traditional $4,000 on your 2023 Form 1040. You include the $4,200

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 5

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distribution from your Roth IRA on your 2023 Form 1040,            line 4a, and $73 on line 4b. You attach a statement to your 
line 4a.                                                           tax return explaining the distribution. Because you 
                                                                   properly removed the excess contribution with the related 
Return of IRA Contributions                                        earnings by the due date of your tax return, you aren’t 
If, in 2023, you made traditional IRA contributions or Roth        subject to the additional 6% tax on excess contributions, 
IRA contributions for 2023 and you had those                       reported on Form 5329. Because the distribution of the 
contributions returned to you with any related earnings (or        $73 in earnings was made after December 28, 2022, and 
minus any loss) by the due date (including extensions) of          by the due date of your return, you also aren't subject to 
your 2023 tax return, the returned contributions are               the additional tax on early distributions even though you 
treated as if they were never contributed. Don’t report the        were under age 59 /  at the time of the distribution.1 2
contribution or distribution on Form 8606 or take a 
deduction for the contribution. However, you must include          Return of Excess Traditional IRA 
the amount of the distribution of the returned contributions       Contributions
you made in 2023 and any related earnings on your 2023             The return (distribution) in 2023 of excess traditional IRA 
Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. Also include              contributions for years prior to 2023 isn’t taxable if all three 
the related earnings on your 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR,              of the following apply.
or 1040-NR, line 4b. Attach a statement explaining the 
distribution. Also, if you were under age 59 /  at the time of 1 2 1. The distribution was made after the due date, 
a distribution with related earnings, you are generally            including extensions, of your tax return for the year for 
subject to the additional 10% tax on early distributions           which the contribution was made (if the distribution was 
(see Form 5329, Additional Taxes on Qualified Plans                made earlier, see Return of IRA Contributions, earlier).
(Including IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts, and its           2. No deduction was allowable (without regard to the 
instructions).                                                     modified AGI limitation) or taken for the excess 
                                                                   contributions.
  If you timely filed your 2023 tax return without 
withdrawing a contribution that you made in 2023, you can          3. The total contributions (excluding rollovers) to your 
still have the contribution returned to you within 6 months        traditional and traditional SEP IRAs for the year for which 
of the due date of your 2023 tax return, excluding                 the excess contributions were made didn’t exceed the 
extensions. If you do, file an amended return for your 2023        amounts shown in the following table.
tax year with “Filed pursuant to section 301.9100-2” 
                                                                   Year(s)                Contribution      Contribution limit if 
entered at the top. Report any related earnings on the                                     limit            age 50 or older at 
amended return and include an explanation of the                                                            the end of the year
withdrawn contribution. Make any other necessary 
changes on the amended return (for example, if you                 2019 through 2022      $6,000            $7,000
reported the contributions as excess contributions on your         2013 through 2018      $5,500            $6,500
original return, include an amended Form 5329 reflecting           2008 through 2012      $5,000            $6,000
that the withdrawn contributions are no longer treated as 
having been contributed).                                          2006 or 2007           $4,000            $5,000
                                                                   2005                   $4,000            $4,500
  In most cases, the related earnings that you must 
withdraw are figured by your IRA trustee or custodian. If          2002 through 2004      $3,000            $3,500
you need to figure the related earnings on IRA                     1997 through 2001      $2,000                —
contributions that were returned to you, see Contributions         before 1997            $2,250                —
Returned Before Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub. 
590-A. If you made a contribution or distribution while the 
IRA held the returned contribution, see Pub. 590-A.
                                                                   If the excess contribution to your traditional IRA for the 
  If you made a contribution for 2022 and you had it               year included a rollover and the excess occurred because 
returned to you in 2023 as described above, don’t report           the information the plan was required to give you was 
the distribution on your 2023 tax return. Instead, report it       incorrect, increase the contribution limit amount for the 
on your 2022 original or amended return in the manner              year shown in the table above by the amount of the excess 
described above.                                                   that is due to the incorrect information.
  Example. On May 23, 2023, you contributed $4,000 to              If the total contributions for the year included employer 
your traditional IRA that has a basis. The value of the IRA        contributions to a traditional SEP IRA, increase the 
was $18,000 prior to the contribution. On December 29,             contribution limit amount for the year shown in the table 
2023, when you are age 57 and the value of the IRA is              above by the smaller of the amount of the employer 
$23,600, you realize you can’t make the entire contribution        contributions or:
because your taxable compensation for the year will be 
too small. You decide to have $1,000 of the contribution 
returned to you and withdraw $1,073 from your IRA 
($1,000 contribution plus $73 earnings). You didn’t make 
any other withdrawals or contributions. You don’t file a 
2023 Form 8606. You deduct the $3,000 remaining 
contribution on your 2023 Schedule 1 (Form 1040), 
line 20. You include $1,073 on your 2023 Form 1040, 

6                                                                                         Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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2022 $61,000 Don’t file a 2023 Form 8606. If you are required to file
Form 8606 in a year after 2023, don’t include the $7,000
2021 $58,000 you withdrew in 2023 on line 2.
2020 $57,000
Amending Form 8606
2019 $56,000
Generally, after you file your return, you can change a
2018 $55,000 nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA to a
2017 $54,000 deductible contribution or vice versa if you make the
2015 or 2016 $53,000 change within the time limit for filing Form 1040-X,
Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (see the
2014 $52,000 Form 1040-X instructions). You may also be able to make
2013 $51,000 a recharacterization (discussed earlier). If necessary,
2012 $50,000 complete a new Form 8606 showing the revised
information and file it with Form 1040-X.
2009, 2010, or 2011 $49,000
2008 $46,000 Penalty for Not Filing
2007 $45,000 If you are required to file Form 8606 to report a
2006 $44,000 nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA for 2023 but
don’t do so, you must pay a $50 penalty, unless you can
2005 $42,000 show reasonable cause.
2004 $41,000
Overstatement Penalty
2002 or 2003 $40,000
If you overstate your nondeductible contributions, you
2001 $35,000 must pay a $100 penalty, unless you can show reasonable
before 2001 $30,000 cause.

What Records Must I Keep?
Include the total amount distributed on 2023 Form To verify the nontaxable part of distributions from your
1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a; and attach a IRAs, including Roth, Roth SEP, and Roth SIMPLE IRAs,
statement to your return explaining the distribution. See keep a copy of the following forms and records until all
Example, later. distributions are made.
• Page 1 of Forms 1040 or 1040-SR (or Forms 1040A,
If you meet these conditions and are otherwise required 1040-NR, or 1040-T) filed for each year you made a
to file Form 8606: nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA.
• Don’t take into account the amount of the withdrawn • Forms 8606 and any supporting statements,
contributions in figuring line 2 (for 2023 or for any later attachments, and worksheets for all applicable years.
year), and • Forms 5498, IRA Contribution Information, or similar
• Don’t include the amount of the withdrawn contributions statements you received each year showing contributions
on line 7. you made to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA.
Example. You are single, you retired in 2020, and you • Forms 5498 or similar statements you received showing
had no taxable compensation after 2020. However, you the value of your traditional IRAs for each year you
made traditional IRA contributions (that you didn’t deduct) received a distribution.
of $3,000 in 2021 and $4,000 in 2022. In December 2023, • Forms 1099-R or W-2P you received for each year you
a tax practitioner informed you that you had made excess received a distribution.
contributions for those years because you had no taxable
compensation. In December 2023, you withdrew the Note. Forms 1040-T, 1040A, and W-2P are forms that
$7,000 and filed amended returns for 2021 and 2022 were used in prior years.
reflecting the additional 6% tax on excess contributions on
Form 5329. You include the $7,000 distribution on your Specific Instructions
2023 Form 1040, line 4a; enter -0- on line 4b; and attach a
statement to your return explaining the distribution, Name and social security number (SSN). If you file a
including the fact that you filed amended returns for 2021 joint return, enter only the name and SSN of the spouse
and 2022, and paid the additional 6% tax on the excess whose information is being reported on Form 8606.
contributions for those years. The statement indicates that More than one Form 8606 required. If both you and
the distribution isn’t taxable because (a) it was made after your spouse are required to file Form 8606, file a separate
the due dates of your 2021 and 2022 tax returns, including Form 8606 for each of you. If you are required to file Form
extensions; (b) your total IRA contributions for 2021 and 8606 for IRAs inherited from more than one decedent, file
2022 didn’t exceed $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at a separate Form 8606 for the IRA from each decedent.
the end of that year); and (c) you didn’t take a deduction
for the contributions, and no deduction was allowable
because you didn’t have any taxable compensation for
those years. The statement also indicates that the
distribution reduced your excess contributions to -0-, as
reflected on your amended 2021 and 2022 Forms 5329.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 7

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Part I—Nondeductible Contributions are deductible and $1,000 are nondeductible. You choose
$1,000 of your contribution in 2023 to be nondeductible.
to Traditional IRAs and Distributions You enter the $1,000 on line 1, but not line 4, and it
becomes part of your basis for 2023.
From Traditional, Traditional SEP, and
Traditional SIMPLE IRAs Although the contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023
that you made from January 1, 2024, through April 15,
Line 1 2024, can be treated as nondeductible, they aren’t
If you used the IRA Deduction Worksheet in the Form included in figuring the nontaxable part of any distributions
1040 instructions or as referred to in the Form 1040-NR you received in 2023.
instructions, subtract line 12 of the worksheet (or the
Line 6
amount you chose to deduct on Schedule 1 (Form 1040),
line 20, if less) from the smaller of line 10 or line 11 of the Enter the total value of all your traditional, traditional SEP,
worksheet. Enter the result on line 1 of Form 8606. You and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of December 31, 2023,
can’t deduct the amount included on line 1. plus any outstanding rollovers. A statement should be sent
to you by January 31, 2024, showing the value of each
If you used the worksheet Figuring Your Reduced IRA IRA on December 31, 2023. However, if you
Deduction for 2023 in Pub. 590-A, enter on line 1 of Form recharacterized any amounts originally contributed, enter
8606 any nondeductible contributions from the on line 6 the total value, taking into account all
appropriate lines of that worksheet. recharacterizations of those amounts, including
recharacterizations made after December 31, 2023.
If you didn’t have any deductible contributions, you can
make nondeductible contributions up to your contribution For purposes of line 6, a rollover is a tax-free
limit (see Overall Contribution Limit for Traditional and distribution from one traditional, traditional SEP, or
Roth IRAs, earlier). Enter on line 1 of Form 8606 your traditional SIMPLE IRA that is contributed to another
nondeductible contributions. traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA. The
Include on line 1 any repayment of a qualified reservist rollover must be completed within 60 days after receiving
distribution or a qualified birth or adoption distribution. the distribution from the first IRA. An outstanding rollover
is generally the amount of any distribution received in
Don’t include on line 1 contributions that you had 2023 after November 1, 2023, that was rolled over in
returned to you with the related earnings (or less any 2024, but within the 60-day rollover period. A rollover
loss). See Return of IRA Contributions, earlier. between a traditional SIMPLE IRA and a qualified
retirement plan or an IRA (other than a traditional SIMPLE
Line 2 IRA) can only take place after your first 2 years of
Generally, if this is the first year you are required to file participation in the traditional SIMPLE IRA. See Pub.
Form 8606, enter -0-. Otherwise, use the Total Basis Chart 590-A for more details.
to find the amount to enter on line 2.
Pursuant to Rev. Proc. 2020-46 in Internal Revenue
However, you may need to enter an amount that is Bulletin 2020-45, available at IRS.gov/irb/
more than -0- (even if this is the first year you are required 2020-45_IRB#REV-PROC-2020-46, you may make a
to file Form 8606) or increase or decrease the amount written certification to a plan administrator or an IRA
from the chart if your basis changed because of any of the trustee that you missed the 60-day rollover contribution
following. deadline because of one or more of the 12 reasons listed
• You had a return of excess traditional IRA contributions in Rev. Proc. 2020-46. See Rev. Proc. 2020-46 for
(see Return of Excess Traditional IRA Contributions, information on how to self-certify for a waiver. Also see
earlier). Time Limit for Making a Rollover Contribution under Can
• Incident to divorce, you transferred or received part or You Move Retirement Plan Assets? in Pub. 590-A for more
all of a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE information on ways to get a waiver of the 60-day rollover
IRA (see the last bulleted item under Line 7, later). requirement.
• You rolled over any nontaxable portion of your qualified
retirement plan to a traditional, traditional SEP, or Note. Don’t include an outstanding rollover from a
traditional SIMPLE IRA that wasn’t previously reported on traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA to a
Form 8606, line 2. Include the nontaxable portion on qualified retirement plan.
line 2.
Include, on line 6, qualified distributions from Part
Line 4 ! IV of your 2023 Form(s) 8915-F, if any, you repaid
CAUTION in 2023 no later than the deadline for repayment.
If you made contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 in
2023 and 2024 and you have both deductible and
nondeductible contributions, you can choose to treat the Repayments in 2023 of Qualified Disaster
contributions made in 2023 first as nondeductible Distributions
contributions and then as deductible contributions, or vice
versa. Do not reduce line 6 by qualified disaster distribution
Example. You made contributions for 2023 of $2,000 in repayments that were made in 2023 for qualified disaster
May 2023 and $2,000 in January 2024, of which $3,000 distributions made in years before 2023.

8 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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The amount you would otherwise enter on line 6 should agreement isn’t taxable to you or your spouse. If this
be reduced by the total amount of qualified disaster transfer results in a change in the basis of the IRA of either
distribution repayments that were made in 2023 for spouse, both spouses must file Form 8606 and show the
qualified disaster distributions made in 2023. If the result increase or decrease in the amount of basis on line 2.
is zero or less, enter -0-. Attach a statement explaining this adjustment. Include in
Example. You received a $20,000 qualified disaster the statement the character of the amounts in the IRA,
distribution on May 2, 2023, from your traditional IRA. On such as the amount attributable to nondeductible
November 21, 2023, you made a repayment of $10,000 to contributions. Also, include the name and SSN of the
your traditional IRA. The value of all of your traditional, other spouse.
traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of Qualified disaster distributions. Be sure to
December 31, 2023, was $50,000. You had no ! include on line 7 all qualified disaster distributions
outstanding rollovers. You would enter $40,000 ($50,000 CAUTION made in 2023, even if they were later repaid.
minus $10,000 repayment) on line 6.
Line 8
Line 7
If, in 2023, you converted any amounts from traditional,
If you received a distribution in 2023 from a traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a Roth, Roth
! traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA, enter on line 8 the net amount
CAUTION IRA, and you also made contributions for 2023 to
you converted.
a traditional IRA that may not be fully deductible because
of the income limits, you must make a special computation Line 15b
before completing the rest of this form. For details, If you have no qualified disaster distributions in 2023 from
including how to complete Form 8606, see Are a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA,
Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B. enter -0- on line 15b. If all your distributions in 2023 from
Don’t include any of the following on line 7. those IRAs are qualified disaster distributions, enter the
• Distributions that you converted to a Roth IRA, Roth amount from line 15a on line 15b. If you have distributions
SIMPLE IRA, or Roth SEP IRA. in 2023 unrelated to qualified disasters, as well as
• Recharacterizations of traditional IRA contributions to qualified disaster distributions, you will need to multiply
Roth IRA contributions. the amount on line 15a by a fraction. The numerator of the
• Distributions you rolled over to another traditional, fraction is your total qualified disaster distributions, and
traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA (whether or not the denominator is the amount from Form 8606, line 7.
the distribution is an outstanding rollover included on Example 1. Your main home was in Delaware during
line 6). the Delaware Remnants of Hurricane Ida (DR-4627-DE),
• Distributions you rolled over to a qualified retirement which began September 1, 2021. You sustained an
plan. economic loss because of that disaster. The end date for
• A one-time distribution to fund an HSA. For details, see making distributions for this disaster is June 26, 2023. In
Pub. 969, Health Savings Accounts and Other January 2023, a qualified disaster distribution was made
Tax-Favored Health Plans. to you from your traditional IRA in the amount of $22,000
• Distributions that are treated as a return of contributions that you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters).
under Return of IRA Contributions, earlier. $22,000 was the maximum amount of qualified disaster
• Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). For details, distributions that could be made for that disaster. In July
see Are Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B. 2023, an $11,000 distribution, unrelated to a qualified
• Distributions that are treated as a return of excess disaster, was made to you from your traditional IRA (that
contributions under Return of Excess Traditional IRA you did not roll over). You will report total distributions of
Contributions, earlier. $33,000 on Form 8606, line 7. You will then complete lines
• Qualified distributions from Part IV of your 2023 Form(s) 8 through 14 as instructed. Form 8606, line 15a, shows an
8915-F, if any, you repaid in 2023 no later than the amount of $30,000. You will enter $20,000 ($30,000 ×
deadline for repayment. $22,000/$33,000) on line 15b. You will also enter $20,000
• Distributions that are incident to divorce. The transfer of on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 18.
part or all of your traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional
SIMPLE IRA to your spouse under a divorce or separation

Total Basis Chart

IF the last Form 8606 you filed was for . . . THEN enter on line 2 . . .
a year after 2000 and before 2023 the amount from line 14 of that Form 8606.
a year after 1992 and before 2001 the amount from line 12 of that Form 8606.
a year after 1988 and before 1993 the amount from line 14 of that Form 8606.
1988 the total of the amounts on lines 7 and 16 of that Form 8606.
1987 the total of the amounts on lines 4 and 13 of that Form 8606.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 9

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Example 2. In September 2023, an $2,500 Part II—2023 Conversions From
distribution, unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to
you from your traditional IRA (that you did not roll over). Traditional, Traditional SEP, or
Your main home was in California during the California
Traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, Landslides, and
Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), which began December 27, SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs
2022. You sustained an economic loss because of that Complete Part II if you converted part or all of your
disaster. The end date for making distributions for this traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a
disaster is July 12, 2023. On January 29, 2023, qualified Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023.
disaster distributions were made to you from your
traditional IRA in the amount of $7,500 that you reported Line 16
on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters). You will report If you didn’t complete line 8, see the instructions for that
total distributions of $10,000 on Form 8606, line 7. You will line. Then, enter on line 16 the amount you would have
then complete lines 8 through 14 as instructed. Form entered on line 8 had you completed it.
8606, line 15a, shows an amount of $8,000. You will enter
$6,000 ($8,000 × $7,500/$10,000) on line 15b. You will Line 17
also enter $6,000 on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), If you didn’t complete line 11, enter on line 17 the amount
line 18. from line 2 (or the amount you would have entered on
Example 3. Your main home was in California during line 2 if you had completed that line) plus any
the California Wildfires (DR-4610-CA), which began July contributions included on line 1 that you made before the
14, 2021; and the California Severe Winter Storms, conversion.
Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA),
which began December 27, 2022. You sustained Line 18
economic losses because of each of those disasters. The If your entry on line 18 is zero or less, don’t include the
end dates for making distributions for those disasters are result on 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b.
June 26, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. On May Include the full amount of the distribution on 2023 Form
26, 2023, and June 29, 2023, qualified disaster 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a.
distributions were made to you from your traditional IRA in
the amount of $22,000 and $11,000 that you reported on Part III—Distributions From Roth,
2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) and 2023 Form Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs
8915-F (2022 disasters), respectively. $22,000 was the Complete Part III to figure the taxable part, if any, of your
maximum amount of qualified disaster distributions that
2023 Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA distributions.
could be made for the 2021 disaster. After those
distributions, in September 2023, a $5,500 distribution, Line 19
unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to you from
Don’t include on line 19 any of the following.
your traditional IRA (that you did not roll over). You will
report total distributions of $38,500 on Form 8606, line 7. • Distributions that you rolled over, including distributions
made in 2023 and rolled over after December 31, 2023
You will then complete lines 8 through 14 as instructed.
(outstanding rollovers).
Form 8606, line 15a, shows an amount of $35,000. You
will enter $30,000 ($35,000 × $33,000/$38,500) on • Recharacterizations.
line 15b. You will also enter $20,000 ($30,000 × • Distributions that are a return of contributions under
Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.
$22,000/$33,000) on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), 1 2
line 18; and $10,000 ($30,000 × $11,000/$33,000) on • Distributions made on or after age 59 / if you made a
contribution (including a conversion or a rollover from a
2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), line 18.
qualified retirement plan) for any year from 1998 through
Line 15c 2018.
If you were under age 59 / at the time you received 1 2 • A one-time distribution to fund an HSA. For details, see
Pub. 969.
distributions from your traditional, traditional SEP, or Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). For details,
•
traditional SIMPLE IRA, there is generally an additional see Are Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.
10% tax on the portion of the distribution that is included Distributions made upon death or due to disability if a
•
in income (25% for a distribution from a traditional contribution was made (including a conversion or a
SIMPLE or Roth SIMPLE IRA during the first 2 years of rollover from a qualified retirement plan) for any year from
your participation in the plan). See the instructions for 1998 through 2018.
Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8; and the Instructions for Qualified distributions from Part IV of your 2023 Form(s)
•
Form 5329. 8915-F, if any, you repaid in 2023 no later than the
deadline for repayment.
• Distributions that are incident to divorce. The transfer of
part or all of your Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA to
your spouse under a divorce or separation agreement isn’t
taxable to you or your spouse.

10 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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Qualified disaster distributions. Be sure to qualified retirement plan to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth
! include on line 19 all qualified disaster SIMPLE IRA, enter -0- on line 24.
CAUTION distributions made in 2023, even if they were later • If you took a Roth IRA distribution (other than an
repaid, unless they fall under the 4th or 7th bullet above. amount rolled over or recharacterized or a returned
contribution) before 2023 in excess of your basis in regular
If, after considering the items above, you don’t have an Roth IRA contributions, see the Basis in Roth IRA
amount to enter on line 19, don’t complete Part III; your Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement
Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA distribution(s) isn’t Plans to Roth IRAs chart to figure the amount to enter on
taxable. Instead, include your total Roth, Roth SEP, or line 24.
Roth SIMPLE IRA distribution(s) on 2023 Form 1040, • If you didn’t take such a distribution before 2023, enter
1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. on line 24 the total of all your conversions to Roth IRAs.
These amounts are shown on line 14c of your 1998, 1999,
Line 20 and 2000 Forms 8606 and line 16 of your 2001 through
If you had a qualified first-time homebuyer distribution 2022 Forms 8606. Also include on line 24 any amounts
from your Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA and you rolled over from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth, Roth
made a contribution (including a conversion or a rollover SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA for 2008, 2009, and 2011
from a qualified retirement plan) to a Roth IRA for any year through 2023 reported on your Form 1040, Form
from 1998 through 2018, enter the amount of your 1040-SR, Form 1040A, or Form 1040-NR, and for 2010
qualified expenses on line 20, but don’t enter more than reported on line 21 of your Form 8606. Don’t include
$10,000 reduced by the total of all your prior qualified amounts rolled in from a designated Roth, Roth SEP, or
first-time homebuyer distributions. For details, see Are Roth SIMPLE account because these amounts are
Distributions Taxable? in chapter 2 of Pub. 590-B. included on line 22.
• Increase or decrease the amount on line 24 by any
Line 22 basis in conversions to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE
Figure the amount to enter on line 22 as follows. IRAs and amounts rolled over from a qualified retirement
• If you didn’t take a Roth IRA distribution before 2023 plan to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA received or
(other than an amount rolled over or recharacterized or a transferred incident to divorce. Also attach a statement
returned contribution), enter on line 22 the total of all your similar to the one explained in the last bulleted item under
regular contributions to Roth or Roth SIMPLE IRAs for Line 7, earlier.
1998 through 2023 (excluding rollovers from other Roth,
Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs and any contributions Line 25b
that you had returned to you), adjusted for any If you have no qualified disaster distributions in 2023 from
recharacterizations. a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA, enter -0- on
• If you did take such a distribution before 2023, see the line 25b. If all your distributions in 2023 from Roth, Roth
Basis in Regular Roth IRA Contributions Worksheet to SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs are qualified disaster
figure the amount to enter. distributions, enter the amount from line 25a on line 25b. If
• Increase the amount on line 22 by any amount rolled in you have distributions in 2023 unrelated to qualified
from a designated Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE disasters, as well as qualified disaster distributions, you
account that is treated as investment in the contract. will need to multiply the amount on line 25a by a fraction.
• Increase or decrease the amount on line 22 by any The numerator of the fraction is your total qualified
basis in regular contributions received or transferred disaster distributions, and the denominator is the amount
incident to divorce. Also attach a statement similar to the from Form 8606, line 21.
one explained in the last bulleted item under Line 7, Example 1. Your main home was in Delaware during
earlier. the Delaware Remnants of Hurricane Ida (DR-4627-DE),
• Increase the amount on line 22 by the amounts which began September 1, 2021. You sustained an
received as a military gratuity or Servicemembers’ Group economic loss because of that disaster. The end date for
Life Insurance (SGLI) payment that was rolled over to your making distributions for this disaster is June 26, 2023. In
Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA. January 2023, a qualified disaster distribution was made
to you from your Roth IRA in the amount of $22,000 that
Line 23
you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters).
Generally, there is an additional 10% tax on 2023 $22,000 was the maximum amount of qualified disaster
distributions from a Roth or Roth SEP IRA (25% tax on distributions that could be made for that disaster. In May
distributions from a Roth SIMPLE IRA) that are shown on 2023, an $11,000 distribution, unrelated to a qualified
line 23. You will need to complete lines 1 through 4 of disaster, was made to you from your Roth IRA (that you
Form 5329 to determine the amounts from the Roth, Roth did not roll over). You will report total distributions of
SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs that are subject to the $33,000 on Form 8606, line 19. You have no first-time
additional tax. See the instructions for Form 5329, Part I, homebuyer expenses reported on line 20, so you would
for details and exceptions. also enter $33,000 on line 21. You will then complete lines
22 through 24 as instructed. Form 8606, line 25a, shows
Line 24 an amount of $30,000. You will enter $20,000 ($30,000 ×
Figure the amount to enter on line 24 as follows. $22,000/$33,000) on line 25b. You will also enter $20,000
• If you have never made a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 19.
SIMPLE IRA conversion or rolled over an amount from a

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 11

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Example 2. Your main home was in California during on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 19; and
the California Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, $10,000 ($30,000 × $11,000/$33,000) on 2023 Form
Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), which began 8915-F (2022 disasters), line 19.
December 27, 2022. You sustained economic losses
because of that disaster. The end date for making Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction
qualified disaster distributions for this disaster is July 12,
2023. On January 29, 2023, qualified disaster Act Notice
distributions were made to you from your Roth IRA in the
amount of $7,500 that you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F We ask for the information on this form to carry out the
(2022 disasters). In September 2023, a $2,500 Internal Revenue laws of the United States. We need this
distribution, unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to information to ensure that you are complying with these
you from your Roth IRA (that you did not roll over). You will laws and to allow us to figure and collect the right amount
report total distributions of $10,000 on Form 8606, line 19. of tax. You are required to give us this information if you
You have no first-time homebuyer expenses reported on made certain contributions or received certain
line 20, so you would also enter $10,000 on line 21. You distributions from qualified plans, including IRAs and other
will then complete lines 22 through 24 as instructed. Form tax-favored accounts. Our legal right to ask for the
8606, line 25a, shows an amount of $8,000. You will enter information requested on this form is sections 6001, 6011,
$6,000 ($8,000 × $7,500/$10,000) on line 25b. You will 6012(a), and 6109 and their regulations. If you do not
also enter $6,000 on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), provide this information, or you provide incomplete or false
line 19. information, you may be subject to penalties.
Example 3. Your main home was in California during You are not required to provide the information
the California Wildfires (DR-4610-CA), which began July requested on a form that is subject to the Paperwork
14, 2021; and the California Severe Winter Storms, Reduction Act unless the form displays a valid OMB
Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), control number. Books or records relating to a form or its
which began December 27, 2022. You sustained instructions must be retained as long as their contents
economic losses because of each of those disasters. The may become material in the administration of any Internal
end dates for making distributions for those disasters are Revenue law. Generally, tax returns and return information
June 26, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. On May are confidential, as required by section 6103. However, we
26, 2023, and June 29, 2023, qualified disaster may give the information to the Department of Justice for
distributions were made to you from your Roth IRA in the civil and criminal litigation, and to cities, states, the District
amount of $22,000 and $11,000 that you reported on of Columbia, and U.S. commonwealths and territories to
2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) and 2023 Form carry out their tax laws. We may also disclose this
8915-F (2022 disasters), respectively. $22,000 was the information to other countries under a tax treaty, to federal
maximum amount of qualified disaster distributions that and state agencies to enforce federal nontax criminal
could be made for the 2021 disaster. After those laws, or to federal law enforcement and intelligence
distributions, in September 2023, a $5,500 distribution, agencies to combat terrorism.
unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to you from
your Roth IRA (that you did not roll over). You will report The average time and expenses required to complete
total distributions of $38,500 on Form 8606, line 19. You and file this form will vary depending on individual
have no first-time homebuyer expenses reported on circumstances. For the estimated averages, see the
line 20, so you would also enter $38,500 on line 21. You instructions for your income tax return.
will then complete lines 22 through 24 as instructed. Form
8606, line 25a, shows an amount of $35,000. You will If you have suggestions for making this form simpler,
enter $30,000 ($35,000 × $33,000/$38,500) on line 25b. we would be happy to hear from you. See the instructions
for your income tax return.
You will also enter $20,000 ($30,000 × $22,000/$33,000)

12 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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Before you begin, see the line 22 worksheet and line 24 chart below.

Basis in Regular Roth IRA Contributions Worksheet—Line 22
Before you begin: You will need your Form 8606 for the most recent year prior to 2023 when you received a distribution.

Note. Don’t complete this worksheet if you never received a distribution from your Roth IRAs prior to 2023.

1. Enter the most recent year prior to 2023 you reported distributions on 
   Form 8606 (for example, 2 0 1 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                               1.              
2. Enter your basis in Roth IRA contributions reported on Form 8606 for the 
   year entered on line 1 (see Table 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                           2.  
3. Enter your Roth IRA distributions* reported on Form 8606 for the year 
   entered on line 1 (see Table 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                        3.  
4. Subtract line 3 from line 2. Enter -0- if the resulting amount is zero or 
   less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 4.  
5. Enter the total of all your regular contributions** to Roth IRAs after the 
   year entered on line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                 5.  
6. Add lines 4 and 5. Enter this amount on your 2022 Form 8606, 
   line 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    6.  
* Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.
** Excluding rollovers, conversions, and any contributions that you had returned to you.

                                                       Table 1 for Line 2 Above

IF the year entered on line 1 was . . .                                 THEN enter on line 2 the amount from . . . 
2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011,                                                                        Form 8606, line 22.
2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, or 2004
2010                                                                                                                                           Form 8606, line 29.
2003, 2002, 2001                                                                                                                               Form 8606, line 20.
2000 or 1999                                                                                                                                   Form 8606, line 18d.
1998                                                                                                                                           Form 8606, line 19c.

                                                       Table 2 for Line 3 Above

IF the year entered on line 1 was . . .                                 THEN enter on line 3 the amount from . . .
2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011,                                                                        Form 8606, line 19.
2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, or 2001
2010                                                                                                                                           Form 8606, line 26.
2000 or 1999                                                                                                                                   Form 8606, line 17.
1998                                                                                                                                           Form 8606, line 18.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)                                                                                                                                  13

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Basis in Roth IRA Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement Plans 
to Roth IRAs—Line 24

IF the most recent year prior to 2023 in 1     THEN enter on Form 8606, line 24 . . .                      PLUS the sum of the amounts on . . .
which you had a distribution  in excess of 
your basis in contributions was . . .
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2023 Form 8606 and 
   2022                                        the excess, if any, of your 2022 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 certain rollovers  reported on your 3
   line 19 of that Form 8606)
 (your 2022 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                     2023 return.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2022 Form 8606 and 
   2021                                        the excess, if any, of your 2021 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 certain rollovers  reported on your 3
 (your 2021 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   2022 and 2023 returns.
   line 19 of that Form 8606)
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2021 Form 8606 and 
   2020                                        the excess, if any, of your 2020 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 certain rollovers  reported on your 3
   line 19 of that Form 8606)
 (your 2020 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   2021 through 2023 returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2020 through 2023 
   2019                                        the excess, if any, of your 2019 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
 (your 2019 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2020 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2019 through 2023 
   2018                                        the excess, if any, of your 2018 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
 (your 2018 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2019 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2018 through 2023 
   2017                                        the excess, if any, of your 2017 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
  (your 2017 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2018 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2017 through 2023 
   2016                                        the excess, if any, of your 2016 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
 (your 2016 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2017 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2016 through 2023 
   2015                                        the excess, if any, of your 2015 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
 (your 2015 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2016 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2015 through 2023 
   2014                                        the excess, if any, of your 2014 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
 (your 2014 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2015 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2014 through 2023 
   2013                                        the excess, if any, of your 2013 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
 (your 2013 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2014 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2013 through 2023 
   2012                                        the excess, if any, of your 2012 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
  (your 2012 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2013 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2012 through 2023 
   2011                                        the excess, if any, of your 2011 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  3
  (your 2011 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                line 23  of that Form 8606                   reported on your 2012 through 2023 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                                tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2011 through 2023 3
                                                                                                           Forms 8606 and certain rollovers  
                                                                                                           reported on your 2011 through 2023 
                                               the excess, if any, of your 2010 Form 8606, line 31, over     tax returns;
   2010                                                       line 30 of that Form 8606                      OR
 (your 2010 Form 8606, line 29, was less than                                                               line 16 of your 2011 through 2023 
   line 26 of that Form 8606)                  (refigure line 30 without taking into account any amount    Forms 8606; lines 16 and 21 of your 4
                                                              entered on Form 8606, line 27)               2010 Form 8606  if you didn’t check 
                                                                                                           the box on line 19 or 24 of your 2010 3
                                                                                                           Form 8606; and certain rollovers  
                                                                                                           reported on your 2011 through 2023 
                                                                                                             tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2010 through 2023 
   2009                                        the excess, if any, of your 2009 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 4 3
 (your 2009 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 
   line 19 of that Form 8606)                                                                              on your 2011 through 2023 tax returns.
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2009 through 2023 
                                                                                                           Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 
   2008                                        the excess, if any, of your 2008 Form 8606, line 24, over 2 8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 4 3
   line 19 of that Form 8606)
 (your 2008 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   on your 2009 and 2011 through 2023 
                                                                                                             tax returns.
1 Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.
2 Refigure line 23 without taking into account any amount entered on Form 8606, line 20.
3 Amounts rolled over from qualified retirement plans to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs from your Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5a, for 2020 through 
2023 returns; Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c, for 2019 returns; Form 1040, line 4a, for 2018 returns, and line 16a for 2017 and earlier returns; Form 1040A, line 12a 
(Form 1040A was retired in 2018); or Form 1040-NR, line 17a, for 2019 and earlier returns. Roth SEP and Roth SIMPLE IRAs were introduced on January 1, 2023.
4 Don’t include any in-plan Roth rollovers entered on line 21.

14                                                                                                         Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)

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Basis in Roth IRA Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement Plans 
to Roth IRAs—Line 24 (continued)

IF the most recent year prior to 2023 in 1    THEN enter on Form 8606, line 24 . . .                       PLUS the sum of the amounts on . . .
which you had a distribution  in excess of 
your basis in contributions was . . .
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2008 through 2023 
                                                                                                           Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 
         2007                                 the excess, if any, of your 2007 Form 8606, line 24, over 2  8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 4 3
 (your 2007 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
         line 19 of that Form 8606)
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns.
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2007 through 2023 
                                                                                                           Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 
         2006                                 the excess, if any, of your 2006 Form 8606, line 24, over 2  8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 4 3
 (your 2006 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
         line 19 of that Form 8606)
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2006 through 2023 
                                                                                                           Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 
         2005                                 the excess, if any, of your 2005 Form 8606, line 24, over 2  8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 4 3
         line 19 of that Form 8606)
 (your 2005 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns.
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2005 through 2023 
                                                                                                           Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 
         2004                                 the excess, if any, of your 2004 Form 8606, line 24, over 2  8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 4 3
         line 19 of that Form 8606)
 (your 2004 Form 8606, line 22, was less than                 line 23  of that Form 8606                   on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2004 through 2023 
         2003                                 the excess, if any, of your 2003 Form 8606, line 22, over    Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 4 3
(you had an amount on your 2003 Form 8606,                    line 21 of that Form 8606                    8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 
         line 21)                                                                                          on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2003 through 2023 
         2002                                 the excess, if any, of your 2002 Form 8606, line 22, over    Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 4 3
(you had an amount on your 2002 Form 8606,                    line 21 of that Form 8606                    8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 
         line 21)                                                                                          on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2002 through 2023 
         2001                                 the excess, if any, of your 2001 Form 8606, line 22, over    Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 4 3
(you had an amount on your 2001 Form 8606,                    line 21 of that Form 8606                    8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 
         line 21)                                                                                          on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                            line 16 of your 2001 through 2023 
         2000                                 the excess, if any, of your 2000 Form 8606, line 25, over    Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 4 3
 (you had an amount on your 2000 Form 8606,                   line 19 of that Form 8606                    8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 
         line 19)                                                                                          on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                            line 14c of your 2000 Form 8606; 
                                                                                                           line 16 of your 2001 through 2023 
         1999                                 the excess, if any, of your 1999 Form 8606, line 25, over    Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 4 3
 (you had an amount on your 1999 Form 8606,                   line 19 of that Form 8606                    8606;  and certain rollovers  reported 
         line 19)                                                                                          on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 
                                                                                                            2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                           line 14c of your 1999 and 2000 Forms 
                                                                                                           8606; line 16 of your 2001 through 
         1998                                 the excess, if any, of your 1998 Form 8606, line 14c, over   2023 Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 4           3
 (you had an amount on your 1998 Form 8606,                   line 20 of that Form 8606                    Form 8606;  and certain rollovers  
         line 20)                                                                                          reported on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 
                                                                                                           through 2023 tax returns. 
                                                                                                           line 14c of your 1998 through 2000 
                                                                                                           Forms 8606; line 16 of your 2001 
 Didn’t have such a distribution in excess of                 the amount from your 2023 Form 8606, line 16 through 2023 Forms 8606; line 21 of 4
         your basis in contributions                                                                       your 2010 Form 8606;  and certain 3
                                                                                                           rollovers  reported on your 2008, 2009, 
                                                                                                           and 2011 through 2023 tax returns. 
1 Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.
2 Refigure line 23 without taking into account any amount entered on Form 8606, line 20.
3 Amounts rolled over from qualified retirement plans to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs from your Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5a, for 2020 through 
 2023 returns; Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c, for 2019 returns; Form 1040, line 4a, for 2018 returns, and line 16a for 2017 and earlier returns; Form 1040A, 
 line 12a (Form 1040A was retired in 2018); or Form 1040-NR, line 17a, for 2019 and earlier returns. Roth SEP and Roth SIMPLE IRAs were introduced on January 
 1, 2023.
4 Don’t include any in-plan Roth rollovers entered on line 21.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)                                                                                                                             15

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